Lymphatic System
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| lymphatic system consist of | lymphatic vessels, lymphatic tissue, and lymphatic organs
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| lymphatic carry fluid... | away from the tissues
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| the tissues and organs of the lymphatic system produce... | immune cells
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| functions of the lymphatic system | maintenance of fluid balance, absorption of fats, immunity
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| maintenance of fluid balance | lymph fluid is formed from tissue fluid left behind after the capillary exchange, absorbs fluid not reabsorbed and returns to the bloodstream
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| absorption of fats | specializes lymphatic vessels in the small intestines absorb fats and fat soluble vitamins
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| immunity | lymph nodes and other lymphatic organs filter lymph to remove microorganisms and foreign particles
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| lymph and plasma are different because of... | protein content
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| lymphatic vessels have thin walls and valves... | to prevent back flow, enduring that lymph moves steadily away from the tissues and towards the heart
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| fluid moves passively, aided primarily by.... | rhythmic contractions of lymphatic vessels
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| flow is aided by.... | contraction of skeletal muscles
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| respiration causes.... | changes that help propel lymph from abdominal to thoracic cavity
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| right lymph drains.... | upper right quadrant into right subclavian vein
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| the thoracic drains lymph from.... | rest of the body into the left subclavian vein
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| two types of lymphatic organs | primary and secondary
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| primary lymphatic organs | red bone marrow, thymus; provide a location for B and T lymphocytes to mature
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| Secondary lymphatic organs | lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen
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| peyer's patches | lymphatic nodules in the small intestine
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| lysozymes | found in mucous, tears, and saliva
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| germinal centers form and release lymphocytes.... | when infection is present
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| function of lymph node | remove pathogens from lymph
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| cancer can spread through the lymphatic system... | when a person has breast cancer the physician will check the axillary lymph nodes
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| single pharyngeal tonsil | sits on the wall of the pharynx, just behind the nasal cavity
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| spleen | the body's largest lymphatic organ
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| spleen resides in the..... | upper left quadrant of abdomen
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| spleen function | immunity, destruction of old RBC, blood storage
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| immunity function | screen blood for foreign antigens; ingest and destroy and microorganisms
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| destruction of old RBC function | digest worn out RBC and imperfect platelets, recycle hemoglobin
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| blood storage function | helps stabilize blood volume by rapidly adding blood back into general circulation, stores 20-30% body platelets
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| three lines of defense | external barriers, nonspecific immunity, specific immunity
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| external barriers | skin and mucous membranes, produce muscous that traps pathogens
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| phagocytosis | most important phagocytes: Neutrophils and macrophages
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| natural killer cells | group of lymphocytes that seek out and destroy foreign cells, roam the body, unique group of lymphocytes
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| inflammation | stimulates body defense to start fighting infection while instigating measures to contain the pathogen
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| fever | elevation of body temp, promotes the activity of interferon, inhibits the reproduction of viruses and bacteria
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| antimicrobial proteins | interferon and complement
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| phagocytes | cells that ingest and destroy microorganisms and other small particles
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| most important phagocytes are... neutrophils and macrophages | neutrophils and macrophages
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| complement | more than 20 different proteins circulate the the bloodstream in an inactive form
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| a bacteria, or antibodies against the bacteria.... | activate the complement
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| holes are punched in the bacterium... | and swells and burst
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| fever is beneficial.... | it promotes the activity of interferon and inhibits the reproduction of bacteria and viruses
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| pyrexia | also know as "fever"
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| cellular immunity | T cells, aims to destroy foreign cells or host cells that have become infected with a pathogen
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| humoral immunity | B cells, focuses on pathogens outside the host cells; it sends out antibodies to "mark" a pathogen for later destruction, Mainly uses B cells
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| T lymphocytes | develop in bone marrow, mature in thymus
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| B lymphocytes | develop in bone marrow; remain there until fully mature
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| most abundant of all of the immunoglobulins is.... | IgG
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| three classes of T cells | cytotoxic T cells, Helper T cells, Memory T cells
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| Helper T cells | secrete chemicals that summon neutophils and natural killer cells
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| allergic reaction | first exposure: body produces IgE
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| Mast cells release...... | Histamine
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| Anaphylaxis | severe, immediate allergic reaction that affects the whole body
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| active immunity | permanent or long lasting
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| natural active immunity | body produces the virus,( meseals)
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| Artificial active immunity | body makes T cells and antibodies against a disease as a results of a vaccination
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| passive immunity | immunity that only last a few months
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| natural passive immunity | fetus acquires antibodies from mother (breast feeding)
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| artificial passive immunity | obtaining serum from person or animal that has produces antibodies against certain pathogens and then injecting them into someone else
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