All the Unit 5 Vocab (Agriculture/Rural) regardless of the chapter it falls into
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| Agrarian | Of or relating to cultivated land or the cultivation of land
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| Agribusiness | General term for the businesses that provide the vast array of goods and services that support the agricultural industry
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| Agricultural industrialization | Intensive farming or intensive agriculture is also known as this which is characterized by a low fallow ratio and higher use of inputs such as capital and labor per unit land area. This is in contrast to traditional agriculture in which the inputs per unit land are lower
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| Agricultural landscape | Land in which humans Farm on and what humans choose to put in the fields
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| Agricultural location model | The model constructed by Von tune in which shows that the center of a city is Dairy and Market gardening, Forrest, grains and field crops, and the outer ring is ranching
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| Agricultural origins | through time nomadic people noticed the growing of plants in a cycle and began to domesticate them and use for their own use. Carl Sauer points out vegetative planting and seed agriculture as the original forms. He also points out that vegetative planting was likely originated in SE Asia and seed agriculture originated in W India, N China, and Ethiopia
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| Agriculture | The purposeful tending of crops and livestock in order to produce food and fiber
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| Animal husbandry | An agricultural activity associated with the raising of domesticated animals, such as cattle, horses, sheep, and goats
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| Aquaculture | The cultivation or farming in controlled conditions of aquatic species, such as fish. In contrast to commercial fishing, which involves catching wild fish
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| Biorevolution | the technological advancement in biological science, including healthcare & food production
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| Biotechnology | A form of technology that uses living organisms, usually genes, to modify products, to make or modify plants and animals, or to develop other microorganisms for specific purposes
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| Collective farm | regards a system of agricultural organization where as farms laborers are not compensated via wages. rather, the workers receive a share of the farm's net productivity
- typical in communist and socialists countries like Russia and China
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| Commercial agricultural Economy | Term used to describe large-scale farming and ranching operations that employs a slam basis, large mechanized equipment, Factory type labor force is, in the latest technology
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| Intensive agriculture | Any kind of agricultural activity that involves effective and efficient use of labor on small plots of land to maximize crop yield
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| Extensive agriculture | An agricultural system characterized by low inputs of labor per unit land area
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| Commodity chain | Series of links connecting the many places of production and distribution and resulting in a commodity that is then exchange on the world market
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| Crop rotation | a systematic approach to deciding which crop to plant where in your vegetable garden from one year to the next. The goals of crop rotation are to help manage organic soil fertility and also to help avoid or reduce problems with soil-borne diseases and some soil-dwelling insects, such as corn rootworms.
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| Cultivation regions | Regions where there is agricultural activity
-Areas with agricultural activity generally are not a place where a big city would be located-affects locations of different areas.
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| Dairying | An agricultural activity involving the raising of livestock, most commonly cows and goats, for dairy products such as milk, cheese, and butter
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| Debt-for-nature swap | An agreement between a developing nation and dead and one or more of its creditors. Creditors agreed to forgive debts in return for Environmental Protection
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| Diffusion | The spatial spreading or dissemination of a cultural element or some other phenomena
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| Double cropping | A second crop is planted after the first has been harvested
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| Pesticides | Chemicals used on plants that do not harm the plants, but kill pests and have negative repercussions on other species who ingest the chemicals
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| soil erosion | The wearing away of the land surface by wind and moving water
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| desertification | The encroachment of desert conditions on moisture zones along the desert margins, where plant cover and soils are threatened by desiccation through overuse, in part by humans and their domestic animals, and, possibly, in part because of inexorable shifts in the earth's environmental zones
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| Extensive subsistence agriculture | (pesticides shifting cultivation(slash and burn, milpa, swidden)
Use many fields for crop growing each field is used for a couple of years then left fallow for a relatively long time.
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| shifting cultivation | Cultivation of crops in tropical forest clearings in which the forest vegetation has been removed by cutting and burning. These clearings are usually abandoned after a few years in favor of newly cleared for cyan
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| slash-and-burn | see shifting cultivation; cultivation of crops in tropical forest clearings in which the forest vegetation has been removed by cutting and burning
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| milpa | The cultivation of crops and tropical forest clearings in which Forest vegetation has been removed by cutting and burning
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| swidden | Land that is prepared for agriculture by using the slash and burn method
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| nomadic herding/ pastoralism | A type of agricultural activity based on nomadic animal husbandry or the raising of livestock to provide food, clothing, and shelter
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| Extractive industry | Industries involved in the activities of prospecting and exploring for a non-renewable resource, getting them, further exploring them, developing them, or extracting them from the Earth
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| Farm crisis | Term used to describe times of agricultural recession, low crop prices and low farm incomes that can lead to farm bankruptcy
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| Farming | the activity or business of growing crops and raising livestock.
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| Fertile Crescent | Crescent shaped zone of productive land extending from near the Southeastern Mediterranean Coast through Lebanon and Syria to the alluvial lowlands of Mesopotamia in Iraq. Once more fertile than today, this is one of the world's great source areas of agricultural and other Innovations
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| Feedlot | Places where livestock are concentrated in a very small area and raised on hormones and Hardy grains that prepare them for Slaughter at a much more rapid rate than grazing often referred to as factory farms
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| First agricultural revolution | Dating back 10,000 years this achieved plant domestication and animal domestication
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| Fishing | The activity of hunting for fish by hooking, trapping, or gathering animals not classifiable as insects which breathe and water are past their lives in water
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| Food chain | The process of food getting harvested then sent to the market area, then to a producer which makes it into a product then is sold to a wholesaler who sells it to a grocery store, who sells it to people
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| Forestry | The art, science, and practice of studying and managing forests and plantations and related natural resources
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| Globalized agriculture | Diffusion of Agriculture across the globe
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| Genetically Modified Organisms | Crops that carry new traits that have been inserted through advanced genetic engineering methods
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| Green revolution | The recently successful development of higher yield, fast-growing varieties of rice and other cereals and certain developing countries, which led to increased production per unit area and a dramatic narrowing of the gap between population growth and food needs
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| Growing season | The part of the Year doing which rainfall and temperature allow plants to grow
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| Hunting and gathering | When a group is able to support Itself by fishing or hunting and Gathering fruits and vegetables
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| Intensive subsistence agriculture | A form of subsistence agriculture in which Farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land
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| Interillage | The clearing of Rose in the field through the use of hoes, rakes, and other manual equipment
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| Livestock ranching | An extensive commercial agricultural activity that involves the raising of livestock / VAST Geographic spaces typically located in semi arid climates like the American West
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| Market gardening | The growing of vegetables are flowers 4 markets
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| Mediterranean agriculture | An agricultural system practiced in the mediterranean-style climates of Western Europe, California, and portions of Chile and Australia, in which diverse speciality crops such as grapes, avocados, olives and a host of nuts, fruits, and vegetables comprise profitable agricultural operations
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| Mineral fuels | Hydrocarbons, primarily Cole, fuel oil, or natural gas formed from the remains of dead plants and animals
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| Mining | the process or industry of obtaining coal or other minerals from a mine.
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| Planned agricultural economy | An agricultural economy found in communist nations in which the government controls both agricultural production and distribution
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| Plant domestication | To adapt a plant to be used by humans
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| Plantation agriculture | When cash crops are grown on large Estates
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| Renewable resource | Can be replaced without a long wait time
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| Nonrenewable resource | A resource that must be depleted to be used
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| Rural settlement | Sparsely settled places away from the influence of large cities
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| dispersed settlement | Move card
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| nucleated settlement | Move card
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| Sauer, Carl O. | MOVE CARD
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| Second agricultural revolution | Dovetailing with the benefiting from the Industrial Revolution, this witnessed improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce
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| Specialization | We're individuals become experts in producing certain goods or services that are then exchanged
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| Staple grains | Wheat, barley, Millet and other grain products
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| Suitcase farm | When someone owns and operates a farm but lives somewhere else
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| Survey patterns | patterns used to survey the land on Earth
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| long lots | Houses erected on a narrow Lots perpendicular to a long river, so that each original settler had equal river access
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| metes and bounds | A system of land surveying east of the Appalachian Mountains. It is a system that relies on descriptions of land ownership and natural features such as streams or trees. Because of the imprecise nature of this surveying, the u.s. land office survey abandoned the technique in favor of the rectangular Survey System
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| township-and-range | A rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the US interior
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| sustainable yield | Ecological yield that can be extracted without reducing the base of the capital itself, the Surplus required to maintain nature services at the same time, or increasing level overtime
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| Third agricultural revolution: | Currently in progress, this has its principal orientation in the development of genetically modified organisms
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| Mechanization | In agriculture, the replacement of human labor with technology or machines
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| chemical farming | Increased use of fertilizers with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium
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| Food Manufacturing | subsector transform livestock and agricultural products into products for intermediate or final consumption
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| “Tragedy of commons” | The observation that in the absence of collective control over the use of a resource available to all, it is to the advantage of all users to maximize their separate shares even though their Collective pressures May diminish total yield or destroy the resource all together
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| Transhumance | A seasonal periodic movement of pastoralist and their livestock between Highland and lowland pastures
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| Salinization | Process that occurs when soils in arid areas are brought under cultivation through irrigation period in arid climates, water evaporates quickly off the ground surface, leaving salty residues that render the soil infertile
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| Topsoil loss | Loss of the top fertile layer of soil is depleted through erosion. It is a tremendous problem in areas with fragile soils, steep slopes, or torrential seasonal rains
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| Horizontal integration | A form of corporate organization in which several branches of a company or several commonly owned companies work together to sell their products in different markets
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| Vertical Integration | A form of corporate organization in which one firm controls multiple aspects or phases of a commodity chain
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| Truck farm | Intensive production of fruits and vegetables from Market rather than for processing or canning also known as Horticultural farming and Market gardening
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| Von Thunen, Johann Heinrich | was a German economist of great originality who contributed highly significant concepts and techniques to economic theory.
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| horticulture | The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.
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| Food security all caps added | Refers to the situation where in every person is access to safe and nutritious food of sufficient quantity for an active and healthy lifestyle
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| Milk shed added | The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied
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| Adaptive strategies | group's system of economic production. In non-industrial societies, it is usually based on food production.
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