4.3 - Collectivisation: the theory, the process and the results.
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| What was the theory behind collectivisation? | Simple - large farms would be more productive than small plots of land.
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| What were the large farms called? | Collectives.
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| Why would collectives be more productive than small plots of land? | They could use machinery such as tractors and combine harvesters.
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| What was Stalin aware of when he started collectivisation? | That not many of the peasants were actually Communist Party members and was not sure if he could rely on their loyalty.
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| When did the process of collectivisation begin? | 1929
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| What happened when the process of collectivisation began in 1929? | Twenty-five million peasant farms were to be combined to form 240,000 collective farms (called kolkhoz).
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| What were the collective farms called? | Kolkhoz
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| Immediately, how did most peasants respond to the introduction of collectivisation in 1929? | They opposed giving up their land, and many of them killed their livestock rather than hand them over to the State.
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| Who had the most to lose from the introduction of collectivisation in 1929? | The kulaks.
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| After the introduction of collectivisation, what did Stalin embark on? | A policy of destroying the kulaks as a class.
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| What happened as a result of Stalin embarking on a policy of destroying the kulaks as a class? | Anyone accused of being a kulak was imprisoned, shot or transported to Siberia.
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| What did the destruction of livestock lead to? | Disastrous consequences.
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| What is it estimated that the animal population fell by as a result of the destruction of livestock caused by the introduction of collectivisation in 1929? | About half in three years.
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| What did the falling of the animal population by about half in three years together with the disruption caused by collectivisation lead to? | A terrible famine in which an estimated 6 million people died between 1931 and 1933.
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| What caused a terrible famine in which an estimated 6 million people died between 1931 and 1933? | The falling of the animal population by half in three years together with the disruption caused by collectivisation.
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| What happened to production levels later in the 1930s? | They increased.
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| When did production levels increase? | Later in the 1930s (after the famine).
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| Although production levels increased later in the 1930s, what was the case? | Many peasants remained in extreme poverty and were always at the mercy of a bad harvest or an extra cold winter. A substantial portion of grain was exported, and there were still many more industrial workers in the cities to be fed.
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| Who were the locally controlled kolkhoz supervised by? | Soviet Party officials.
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| Why was it frequently necessary for the locally controlled kolkhoz to be supervised by Soviet Party officials? | The peasants had no incentive to work hard, as any surplus would be taken away from them.
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| What would happen for those peasants who did work hard? | Collective farms could bring benefits. Schools and hospitals were built, and peasants could feel pride in the achievements of their kolkhoz.
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| Later, in the 1930s, what did Stalin allow? | Peasant families to have a small individual plot, with one cow and several pigs or sheep.
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