4.2 - Show Trials
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| What did Stalin issue? | New decrees that gave his secret police, the NKVD, power to organise trials of 'crimes against the State' (treason).
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| What wasn't allowed in treason trials? | Witnesses or appeals.
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| What could be done in treason trials? | Torture to extract a confession.
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| What could failure to inform the NKVD of a traitor lead to? | A 20-year prison sentence.
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| Who became the enemies of the State during the process of collectivisation of agriculture? | The kulaks
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| What was done to the kulaks as a result of them becoming enemies of the State? | They were tried, + shot or sent to labour camps. The labour camps, or gulags, grew in number and size during the 1930s. Those condemned to live there suffered near-starvation and were forced to construct railways or canals, or build new industrial cities
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| What can be said about the new industrial cities that some people sent to gulags were forced to help build? | They were impressive.
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| Give an example of one of the impressive new industrial cities that some of the people sent to gulags were forced to help build: | Magnitogorsk
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| Why were Show Trials organised? | To justify the sentences imposed on the accused.
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| Who were tried in the Show Trials? | Almost all of the Old Bolsheviks who had played a leading part in October 1917.
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| What happened to almost all of the Od Bolsheviks who had played a leading part in October 1917 and were tried in the show trials? | They were found guilty after confessing to a variety of ludicrous crimes, and shot.
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| What happened in 1936 as a result of the Show Trials? | Zinoviev, Kamenev and 14 others were shot after being brought to trial accused of plotting to assassinate Stalin with the help of Trotsky.
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| When were Zinoviev, Kamenev and 14 others shot after being brought to trial accused of plotting to assassinate Stalin with the help of Trotsky? | 1936
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| In the 1936 Show Trial of Zinoviev, Kamenev and 14 others, what happened? | The victims were humiliated by the State prosecutor, Andrei Vyskinsky, in scenes that were broadcast around the world.
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| What was organised in 1937? | A second major Show Trial.
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| When was a second major Show Trial organised? | 1937
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| What happened at the second major Show Trial (organised in 1937)? | 17 leading Bolsheviks were accused of spying on behalf of Germany and Japan. All confessed that they were guilty and 13 were shot.
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| What happened to nearly a million lower-ranking party officials? | They were accused of less serious crimes, thrown out of the party and sent to labour camps or shot.
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| How many lower-ranking party officials were accused of less serious crimes, thrown out of the party and sent to labour camps or shot? | Nearly a million.
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| What were even members of the police charged with? | Treason.
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| Even who were charged with treason? | Members of the police.
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| Who was the head of the NKVD? | Yagoda
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| What happened to the head of the NKVD, Yagoda? | He was dismissed from his post and shot.
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| Who was dismissed from his post and shot? | The head of the NKVD, Yagoda.
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| What happened to many lower-ranking NKVD men? | They were accused of deliberately not rounding up enough traitors and they were also executed.
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| Who were accused of deliberately not rounding up enough traitors and also executed? | Many lower-ranking NKVD men.
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