History Test
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| What was shaped as a Narrow Boot? | The peninsula in the Mediterranean Sea.
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| When did it happen? | Modern-day Italy
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| What were the 3 continents during the trading? | Asia, Africa, and Europe
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| How was the atmosphere? | Mild, moist climate, and rich soil
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| What were the cons of Swamps at the mouths of rivers? | Infested with disease-carrying mosquitoes
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| What did the mountains caused early people to do? | Only trade among themselves
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| Why did the Greek sailed up to Italy? | To set up farming colonies
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| According to a myth, by who was Rome founded? | Romulus and Reemus
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| What did Rome consisted first? | Consisted of 7 villages and 7 hills
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| Who were the first wealthy kings of United Rome? | The Tarquins
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| What did the Tarquins taught the people? | Taught people to build houses out of bricks and laid out city streets
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| What did the Forum became when created? | The seat of Roman Government
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| When were Tarquins driven out? | In 509 B.C.E
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| Why were the Tarquins driven out? | People were upset with the Tarquins "Proud's" cruelty and harshness.
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| Social Groups |
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| Who were wealthy Roman nobles? | Patricians
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| By who was Rome declared Republic? | In a community in which people elect their leaders.
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| What were most romans? | Plebeians
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| What were plebeians? | Landowners, merchants, farmers, and etc.
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| What did they have? | Had some rights, but couldn't hold public offices
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| Rome's Government |
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| What were 2 Rome's Government branches? | Legislative and executive
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| What did the Legislative Branch do? | Elected people to the executive Branch
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| What other things did the Legislative Branch do? | Senate proposed laws, advised consuls, debated foreign policy, & approved building contracts
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| How many consuls did the Executive Branch headed? | 2 consuls
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| What role did the patricians played in the executive branch? | Patrician officials elected to 1- year terms
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| WWho could veto the actions? | Either consuls could veto the actions of the other
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| Who appointed a dictator? | The Romans
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| What was the role of the dictator? | A leader whose word was law --> only during times of crisis
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| What could the dictator do? | Could overrule the consuls
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| Who resented the the fact that they didn't have any power? | The plebeians
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| What did the plebeians refused to do? | Refused to fight in the army unless their demands were met
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| Who was given representatives in government? | Plebeians
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| What were the representatives called? | The tribunes
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| Who elected the Tribunes? | Plebeians improved their social standing
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| What did rome constantly faced? | Threats from it's neighbors
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| What did rome do in order to protect the republic? | Conquered it's opponents or forced them to be allies with Rome
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| When did Rome ruled the entire Italian Peninsula? | In 264 B.C.E
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| What were soldiers called? | Legionaries
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| How were the Legionaries? | Well- trained; desertion was punishable by death
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| How did the romans treated people? | Treated people well during this time
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| Who were linked by their series of roads? | Rome & it's colonies
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| Who were the wealthiest city in the Mediterranean Sea? | Carthage
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| What did the Romans wanted to put in check? | Wanted to put the expansion of Carthage in check
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| Rome Vs. Carthage First Punic War |
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| Why did the First Punic War start? | Started when carthage wanted to seize the Strait of Messina & the Romans wanted to stop them
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| Who won? | Rome defeated carthage & took over Sicily
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| What was Carthage forced to pay? | Forced to pay huge indemnity which was payment for damages
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| Rome Vs. Carthage Second Punic War |
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| Who became the general of the Carthaginian army in Spain? | Hannibal
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| What did Hannibal do? | Took over one of Rome's allied cities
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| What did he invade? | He invaded italy with 40,000 soldiers and 40 elephants
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| On their way in crossing the alps, what happened to hannibal's army? | 1/2 of hannibal's army were killed by snow, cold, hunger, sickness, & attacks by the mountain people
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| What did Hannibal's Army destroy? | They were in verge of destroying the entire Roman army
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| Rome Vs. Carthage Third Punic War |
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| What did Rome forced 50 years later? | Forced War on Carthage
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| What did the Romans do to Carthage? | Burned carthage to the ground and sold its people into slavery
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| The republic in crisis |
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| What did the Roman controlled? | All of the Mediterranean
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| What grew? | Social discontent
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| What did the Roman corrupt in order to get rich? | Corrupt Roman officials creating large estates and by stealing land from poor farmers & using a profitable agriculture business
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| What did the Roman officials used? | Used captives and prisoners war as slaves on the estates
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| What did they do to the people ? | Conquered them and most of the people lost their land and couldn't find jobs
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| The republic in crisis: Slave Revolts |
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| By who was the major revolt led? | By a slave named Spartacus
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| What happened during this major revolt? | Romans finally crushed the uprising; killing about 6,000 revolters
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| Possible Solution? |
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| Who were the consuls during that time? | The Gracchus brothers
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| What was their proposal? | Distributing land to the poor but they were both murdered
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| Solution Worked | Army leaders came to rule Rome
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| What did the Army leaders do? | Formed separate armies that fought each other for power
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| What did Julius Caesar use to get political power? | He used this practiced of using the army
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| The first emperors |
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| How was the Roman Republic? | Too week to maintain control
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| Who believed that Roman needed ONE strong ruler? | Octavian
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| What name did the Octavian give himself? | He gave himself the title "Augustus" which means "majestic one"
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| Who became the first emperor? | Octavian became the absolute ruler
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| What did he do? | Rebuilt Rome
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| What did he import? | Imported grain so all the Rome could be fed
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| What did he build? | He build new roads & and rebuilt the old ones
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| What did he have? | Had magnificent buildings.
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| How many years did he ruled? | 40 years.
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| What did Tiberius Caesar do? | Accused innocent people of treason.
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| How was Caligula Caesar killed? | Mentally disturbed & killed by a palace guard.
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| How was Claudius Cesar? | Very smart, but had trouble focusing on affairs of the state.
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| How was Nero Caesar? | Cruel & insane.
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| What was Nero Caesar willing to do? | Willing to bankrupt Rome to pay for his horse racing & music.
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| Who did he killed? | Paranoid of traitors -> Killed own wife, mother, and other senators.
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| How was he killed? | Sentenced to death for treason, but killed himself first.
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| Good Emperors |
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| What did Trajan do? | Increased the empire to greatest size.
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| What did Marcus Aurelius do? | Brought the empire to the height of its economic prosperity.
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| Roman Civilization |
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| What did the Pax Romana do? | Boosted trade & generated many achievements in arts (pottery, woven cloth, blown glass, jewelry).
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| What happen to the families? | Family became less significant.
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| What did the family have? | Fewer children, likely to divorce & remarry several times, wives gained some legal rights.
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| What did the Wealthy class have? | Owned large farms, ran factories, held public offices.
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| Where did they live? | Lived in luxurious homes with marble & mosaic floors, running water, and baths.
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| How was most of Rome? | Most of rome was still poor.
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| Where did they live? | Bathes in public baths, lived in apartments buildings that could easily collapse or catch fire.
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| What did the people rebel? | Didn't rebel because they got free food & entertainment like chariot races and gladiators fights.
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| What was built? | Built aqueducts= artificial channels for carrying water.
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| What did the aqueducts do? | Brought water to rome from far away.
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| What did the wealthy boys & girls received? | Tutoring at home.
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| Where did wealthy boys go to? | Went to academics.
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| What did the wealthy girls do? | Continued studying at home & often learned as much as the men.
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| What did the lowest classes have? | They usually had at least knowledge of reading, writing, and arithmetic.
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| The Empire Problems's |
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| What did emperor Commodus do in 180 C.E? | Bankrupt the treasury and killed his own troops.
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| What happened to the Next 28 emperors? | They were installed by the army, only to be killed off.
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| What did they rise in between the armies? | Didn't have time to defend the empire's borders against attack.
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| What problems occur in wars? | Warfare disrupted production & trade, as well as farmland.
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| What did the Government do? | Government minted more coins to cope with economic problems.
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| What were the causes? | Cause inflation = a rise in prices & a decrease in the value of money.
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| What were taxes use for? | There was higher taxes which was the only way to pay for soldiers needed in war.
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| Who they taxed? | Taxing landowners caused them to abandon land -> this meant less crops & food shortage.
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| Unsuccessful Reforms |
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| What did Diocletian do? | Increased the number of men in the army.
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| What did he divided? | Divided empire into 2 units.
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| What did he ruled? | He ruled the east, another ruled the west.
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| What failed? | His economic reforms failed.
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| What did Constantine do? | Tried to stabilize the empire after the civil wars.
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| What did he made legal? | Made it legal for landowners to chain workers so they didn't leave.
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| What did he made? | Made more jobs hereditary.
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| What did he move? | Moved the capital in the east & called in Constantinople.
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| What did Theodosius do? | Made the east and west separate empires.
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| What was the East? | Byzantine Empire.
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| What was the West? | Roman Empire.
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| Barbarian Invasions |
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| What tribes entered the empire? | Germanic tribes entered the empire.
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| Why did they entered the empire? | Looked for warmer climate, Wanted better grazing land, Wanted Rome's wealth.
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| From where were they most fleeing? | Most were fleeing from the huns = fierce nomadic invaders & warriors.
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| Warrior Groups |
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| Who were part of the Warrior groups? | Warriors, their families and a chief.
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| Who was compared to who? | Poor compared to romans.
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| What were the differences and similarities of the Warriors groups? | Many different Warriors groups -> the only thing that they had in common was Germanic language.
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| What did Romans considered this tribes? | Romans considered these tribes barbarians & thought of their language weird babbling & sounds.
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| What did the Visigoths do? | Captured and sacked rome.
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| By who was The Huns led? | Led by the Attila the hun.
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| What did the Huns do? | Plundered cities in Italy.
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