Gilded Age
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| ”Jim Crow” laws | laws introduced in southern states following Reconstruction that segregated schools, railway cars, and eventually all public facilities
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| Plessy v. Ferguson | 1896 Supreme Court decision upholding segregation ruling that “separate but equal” did not violate the 14TH AMENDMENT
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| NAACP | NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE started by W.E.B. DU BOIS to get POLITICAL EQUALITY for blacks
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| Ida B. Wells | led an anti-lynching crusade and called on the federal government to take action
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| Booker T. Washington | former slave who founded the Tuskegee Institute; believed the way to equality for blacks was through vocational education and economic success; accepted social separation
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| W.E.B. DuBois | founder of the NAACP (The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)
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| Homestead Act of 1862 | gave FREE PUBLIC LAND in the WEST to settlers who would live on and farm the land
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| Transcontinental Railroad | railroad track stretching from the Atlantic to the Pacific ocean, which intensified westward movement of settlers to states beyond the Mississippi
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| Ellis Island | island in New York Harbor where an official INSPECTION STATION was set up to check newly-arrived IMMIGRANTS for illnesses
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| “Melting pot” | American society that evolved from absorbing immigrants from many countries who worked to learn English, adopt American customs and become citizens
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| Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 | a law passed in 1882 which suspended all immigration from china for ten years
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| Immigration Restriction Act of 1921 | law that limited immigration to the United States
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| Bessemer (steel process) | a process for removing impurities from iron that made it possible to inexpensively manufacture steel in large quantities
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| Laissez-faire | the theory that government should not interfere in economic affairs
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| Capitalism | an economic system based on private ownership and free competition
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| Corporations | businesses chartered by a state and owned by shareholding investors
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| Assembly line | an arrangement of machines, equipment, and workers in which work passes from operation to operation in a direct line until the product is assembled
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| Henry Ford | inventor of assembly line manufacturing
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| Thomas Edison | inventor of the LIGHT BULB, the phonograph, and over 1000 other inventions
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| Alexander Graham Bell | inventor of the telephone who later started the Bell Telephone Co.
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| Wright Brothers | Orville and Wilbur Wright;, inventors who made the FIRST SUCCESSFUL AIRPLANE FLIGHT in 1903 at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina
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| Andrew Carnegie | businessman who revolutionized the Steel industry using the Bessemer process; donated his great wealth to charity
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| J.P. Morgan | INVESTMENT BANKER who purchased Carnegie Steel and reorganized it into the United States Steel Corporation
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| John D. Rockefeller | businessman who became wealthy in the oil industry; organizer of the Standard Oil Company
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| Cornelius Vanderbilt | businessman who became wealthy in the railroad industry
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| George Pullman | businessman who controlled the RAILROAD CAR industry and had an unethically run COMPANY TOWN
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| Robber Barons | Derogatory name given to Captains of Industry that ran monopolies
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| Third-party | a political party other than the Democratic or Republican party
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| Progressivism | a movement beginning around 1900 that aimed at solving political, economic, and social problems
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| “Square Deal” | President Theodore Roosevelt’s goal of fairness and justice for the American people
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| “New Freedom” | Woodrow Wilson’s reform program announced during the 1912 presidential campaign
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| 16th Amendment | allowed the federal government to raise money for government spending through an income tax (1913)
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| 17th Amendment | allowed direct election of U.S. Senators (1913) and SECRET BALLOT
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| 18th Amendment | prohibition amendment; banned the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages (1919)
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| 19th Amendment | allowed women’s suffrage, giving women the right to vote (1919)
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| Initiative | state government reform which allowed CITIZENS TO PETITION FOR A NEW LAW
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| Referendum | state government Progressive reform in which CITIZENS VOTE ON A PROPOSED INITIATIVE
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| Recall | state government Progressive reform that allowed ELECTED PUBLIC OFFICIALS to be REMOVED FROM OFFICE BY A VOTE OF THE PEOPLE
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| Muckrakers | writers during the progressive era who exposed social and political evils
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| Labor union | organizations formed by workers and farmers to defend their interests and pressure government to play a more active role in the economic life of the country
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| Knights of Labor | labor union that worked through political action rather than strikes to end child labor, get 8-hour workday and public ownership of railroads and telegraph lines. Headed by Terence Powderly.
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| American Federation of Labor | organization of Labor unions of skilled workers founded in 1886; first president – Samuel Gompers; encouraged employers to hire only union workers and held direct talks between organized workers and employers (collective bargaining)
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| American Railway Union | independent LABOR UNION of skilled and unskilled railroad workers, set up by Eugene V. Debs in 1893.
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| Pullman Strike | 1894 strike at Pullman Car Company in Chicago by members of the American Railway Union (ARU) to protest wage cut. President Cleveland sent troops.
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| Haymarket Square Strike | 1886 – Chicago strike for an 8 hour work day that turned violent when an unidentified person threw a bomb. Caused the Knights of Labor to die out.
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| Homestead Strike | 1892 steel worker strike in Pennsylvania, broken up by Pinkerton agents and the state militia
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| Sherman Anti-Trust Act | 1890 law intended to prevent the creation of monopolies by making it illegal to establish trusts that interfered with free trade
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| Clayton Anti-Trust Act | more strict than Sherman Anti-Trust Act; 1914 law that made certain business practices that encouraged monopolies illegal and protected the rights of labor unions and farm organizations
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| Prohibition | the banning of the manufacture, sale, and possession of alcoholic beverages
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| Samuel Gompers | First President of the American Federation of Labor (AFL)
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| Eugene V. Debs | labor activist who formed the American Railway Union (ARU). He ran for president several times as a socialist.
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