Unit Test - S.S.
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| City-state | A Greek community with its traditions, government and laws
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| Helots | Spartan slaves
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| Hellenism | Describes Greek culture spread by Alexander the Great
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| Tragedy | A type of serious play that often ends in disaster
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| Epic | A long poem that tells a story
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| Monarchy | A form of government in which supreme authority is vested in a single person and usually hereditary figure, such as a king whose powers can vary from those of an absolute depot to those of a figurehead
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| Tyranny | A government that takes power with the support of the working class, sometimes by force
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| Aristocracy | A government ruled by a few wealthy powerful families
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| Oligarchy | A small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution
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| Democracy | A form of government in which citizens govern themselves
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| Diffusion | The way language, customs and ideas are spread
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| Proximity | A nearness in place, time, order, occurrence , or relation
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| Agora | A public market or meeting place
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| Acropolis | A high, rocky hill on which early people built cities
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| Tribute | A payment made by a less powerful state or nation to a more powerful one
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| Iliad | A Greek epic; credited to poet Homer, telling about quarrels among Greek leaders in the last year of the Trojan War.
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| Odyssey | Term for a long, difficult journey
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| Hoplite | A heavily armed footsoldier of ancient Greece
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| Philosopher | Someone who uses reason to understand the world; in Greece, the earliest philosophers used to reason to explain natural events
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| Phalanx | The military strategy that Alexander used to defeat larger armies
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| Parthenon | The chief temple of the Greek goddess Athena on the hill of the Acropolis in Athens, Greece
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| Oracle | Was the most important shrine in all of Greece, and in theory all Greeks respected its independence. Built around a sacred spring, Delphi was considered to be the omphalos - the center (literally navel) of the world
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| Olympics | Of or pertaining to the Olympic games; an event passed down from ancient Greek in honor Greek god Zeus
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| Minoans | The civilization that archaeologists found the ruins of on Crete that had been destroyed by earthquakes and tsunamis
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| Mycenaeans | A native inhabitant of ancient Mycenae.
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| Zeus | The supreme deity if the ancient Greeks, a son of Cronus and Rhea, brother of Demeter, Hades, Hera, Hestia, and Poseidon, and father of a number of gods, demigods, and mortals; the god of the heavens, identified by the Romans with Jupiter.
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| Hades | The god of the Underworld
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| Poseidon | The god of the sea
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| Athena | The virgin deity of the ancient Greeks worshipped as the goddess of wisdom, fertility, the useful art, and prudent warfare. At her birth, she sprang forth fully armed from the head of her father, Zeus
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| Apollo | The god of light, poetry, music, healing, and prophecy: son of Zeus and Leto, and brother to Artemis
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| Artemis | An ancient Greek goddess, the daughter of Leto and the sister of Apollo, characterized as a virgin huntress and associated with the moon
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| Aphrodite | The goddess of love and beauty
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| Hera | The ancient Greek queen of heaven, a daughter of Cronus and Rhea and the wife and sister of Zeus. Goddess of marriage and family
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| Hephaestus | The ancient Greek god of fire, metalworking, and the handicrafts, identified by the Romans with Vulcan
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| Hermes | The ancient Greek herald and messenger of the gods and the god of roads, commerce, invention, cunning, and theft
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| Doric order | Example of Greek column
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| Ionian order | A member of one of the four main divisions of the prehistoric Greeks who invaded the Greek mainland and, after the Dorian invasions, emigrated to the Aegean islands and the coast of Asia Minor.
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| Corinthian order | Example of Greek column
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| Trireme | An Oar-powered warship.
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| Dark Ages of Greece | The period of Greek history from the presumed Dorian invasion and end of the Mycenaean palatial civilization around 1100 BC, to the first signs of the Greek poleis in the 9th century BC.
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| Bronze Age | This network imported tin and charcoal to Cyprus, where copper was mined and alloyed with the tin to produce bronze.
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| Classical Period | The Classical period, sometimes called the Hellenic period, corresponds to most of the 5th and 4th centuries BC (the most common dates being the fall of the last Athenian tyrant in 510 BC to the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC).
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| Hellenistic Period | Covers the period of ancient Greek (Hellenic) history and Mediterranean history between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the emergence of the Roman Empire as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC
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| Leonidas | A king of Sparta, the seventeenth of the Agiad line. He was one of the sons of King Anaxandridas II of Sparta. Led the battle of Thermopylae with 300 Spartan men against Xerxes
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| Xerxes | King of Persian empire who invaded Greece
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| Themistocles | (527 B.C. – 460 B.C.) Athenian statesman, who was responsible for the Athenian victory against the Persians at Salamis (480 B.C.). He was ostracized in 470 B.C.
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| Homer | (800 B.C.) Greek poet; credited with composing the epics, the Iliad and the Odyssey
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| Odysseus | King of Ithaca; son of Laertes; one of the heroes of lliad and protagonist of the Odyssey; shrewdest of the Greek leaders in the Trojan War.
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| Agamemnon | A king of Mycenae, a son of Atreus and brother of Menelaus. He led the Greeks in the Trojan War and was murdered by Clytemnestra, his wife, upon his return from Troy
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| Helen | The beautiful daughter of of Zeus and Leda, and the wife of menelaus whose abduction by Paris was the cause of the Trojan war.
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| Paris | A Trojan prince, son of Priam and Hecuba and brother of Cassandra, who awarded the apple of discord to Aphrodite and was by her help enable to abduct Helen.
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| Achilles | The greatest Greek warrior in the Trojan War and hero of Homer’s Iliad. He killed Hector and was killed when Paris wounded him in the heel, his one vulnerable spot, with an arrow; the son of Peleus and the sea goddess Thetis
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| Priam | King of Troy
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| Menelaus | A king of Sparta, the husband of Helen and brother of Agamemnon, to whom he appealed for an army against Troy in order to recover Helen from her abductor, Paris
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| Archimedes | (Born in 290 B.C.) Greek inventor and mathematician; invented formulas for the surface area and volume of a sphere.
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| Euclid | (300 B.C.) Greco-Roman mathematician; known for the elements; book on geometry. He found the branch of math called geometry. Also known as the “Father of Geometry”.
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| Pericles | (495 B.C. – 429 B.C.) Athenian leader; played a major role in the development of democracy and the Athenian empire; ordered the Creation of the Acropolis featuring the Parthenon.
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| Socrates | Famous philosopher of Ancient Greece.
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| Plato | An ancient Greek philosopher, often considered the most important figure in Western philosophy. Plato was a student of Socrates and later became the teacher of Aristotle. He is best known for his theory that ideal ideas.
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| Aristotle | The Greek philosopher who taught Alexander as a boy
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| Philip of Macedonia | (382 B.C. – 336 B.C.) King of Macedonia; seized power in 359 B.C.; conquered the Greek city-states; father of Alexander the Great.
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