Muscles
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| 1. Contractility | the ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force.
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| 2. Excitability | the capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus.
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| 3. Extensibility | the ability to be stretched
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| 4. Elasticity | ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched.
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| Muscles help to produce... | heat essential for maintenance of normal body temperature.
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| epimysium | 1. Each skeletal muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath
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| 2. Fascia | is another connective tissue located outside the epimysium. It surrounds and separates muscles.
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| perimysium. | 3. A muscle is composed of numerous visible bundles called muscle fasciculi (fascicle), which are surrounded by loose connective tissue
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| fibers | 4. The fasciculi are composed of single muscle cells
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| endomysium. | 6. Each fiber is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath
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| myofibrils | a threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other.
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| a. actin myofilaments | thin myofilaments. They resemble 2 minute strands of pearls twisted together.
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| b. myosin myofilaments | thick myofilaments. They resemble bundles of minute golf clubs.
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| sarcomeres | 9. Actin and myosin myofilaments form highly ordered units
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| I band | 13. On each side of the Z line is a light area it consists of actin.
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| A band | extends the length of the myosin. It is the darker central region in each sarcomere.
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| Z line | is an attachment site for actin
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| resting membrane potential. | The charge difference across the
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| action potential. | The brief reversal back of the charge
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| 1. Motor neurons | are nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers
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| neuromusclular junction, or.... | synapse
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| Each branch that connects to the muscle forms.... | neuromusclular junction
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| near the center of the cell | synapse
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| motor unit | 3. A single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates
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| presynaptic terminal | 5. The enlarged nerve
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| the space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell is the... | synaptic cleft
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| the muscle fiber is the | postsynaptic terminal
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| 6. Each presynaptic terminal contains | synaptic vesicles
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| synaptic vesicles secrete a neurotransmitter called | acetylcholine
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| The acetylcholine released into the synaptic cleft between the neuron and muscle cell is rapidly broken down by an enzymes | acetylcholinesterase
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| sliding filament mechanism | 2. The sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction
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| The H and I bands shorten, but the A bands do not change | in length.
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| 3. Muscle twitch | is a contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers.
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| 4. A muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus until that stimulus reaches a level called | threshold
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| the muscle fiber will contract maximally. This phenomenon is called the | all-or-none response.
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| 5. The time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction is the | lag phase
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| 6. The time of contraction is | contraction phase
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| 7. The time during which the muscle relaxes is the | relaxation phase
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| 8. If successive stimuli are given you get successive twitches that occur so frequently the muscle doesn’t have time to | fully relax.
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| 9. Tetany | where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing
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| 10. The increase in number of motor units being activated is called | recruitment.
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| is needed for energy for muscle contraction. | 1. ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
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| is produced in the mitochondria | ATP
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| is short-lived and unstable | ATP
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| When at rest they can’t stockpile ATP but they can store another high-energy molecule, called | creatine phosphate.
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| 6. Anaerobic respiration | without oxygen
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| 7. Aerobic respiration | with oxygen (more efficient).
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| 3. ATP is short-lived and unstable. It degenerates to the more stable | ADP (adenosine diphosphate) plus phosphate
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| 4. It is necessary for muscle cells to constantly produce | ATP
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| oxygen debt | is the amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose and to replenish the depleted stores of creatine phosphate stores in muscle cells.
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| 9. Muscle fatigue | results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the muscle cells.
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| 10. 2 types of muscle contractions: | a. isometric,b. isotonic
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| a. isometric (equal distance) | the length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process.
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| b. isotonic (equal tension) | the amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during contraction, but the length of the muscle changes.
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| 11. Muscle tone | Muscle tone refers to constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time
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| 11. Muscle tone keeps | Keeps head up and back straight.
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| 12. Fast-twitch fibers | contract quickly and fatigue quickly
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| Ex. white meat of a chicken’s breast. | 12. Fast-twitch fibers
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| 13. Slow-twitch fibers | contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue
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| . Ex. dark meat of a duck’s breast or the legs of a chicken | 13. Slow-twitch fibers
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| 1. The points of attachment of each muscle are | its origin and insertion
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| At these attachment points the muscle is connected to the bone | by a tendon.
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| 2. The origin (head) | is the most stationary end of the muscle.
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| 3. The insertion | is the end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement.
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| 4. The portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion is the | belly.
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| 6. Muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements are called | synergists.
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| 7. Muscles that work in opposition to one another are called | antagonists.
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| 8. Among a group of synergists, if one muscle plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement, it is the | prime mover.
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| Some are named according to their | location, size, orientation of fibers, shape, origin, insertion, and function, etc.
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| Occipitofrontalis | raises the eyebrows
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| Orbicularis oculi | closes the eyelids and causes “crows feet” wrinkles in the skin at the lateral
corners of the eye.
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| Orbicularis oris | puckers the lips
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| Buccinator | flattens the cheeks. Trumpeter’s muscle.
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| Zygomaticus | smiling muscle.
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| Levator labii superioris | sneering
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