Ch. 6 Muscles
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| Contractility | ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force
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| Excitability | capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus
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| Elasticity | ability to recoil to original resting length after been stretched
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| Epimysium | connective tissue sheath surrounded by each skeletal muscle
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| Fascia | connective tissue located outside the epimysium; surrounds and separates the muscles
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| Perimysium | loose connective sheath that surrounds muscle fasciculi
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| endomysium | connective tissue sheath that surrounds each fiber
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| myofibrils | threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other
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| Actin myofilaments | thin and resemble 2 minute strands of pearls twisted together
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| myosin myofilaments | thick and resemble bundles of minute golf clubs
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| Sarcomere | highly ordered units formed from actin and myosin. Extends from one Z line to another Z line
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| resting membrane potential | charge difference across the membrane
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| action potential | brief reversal back of the charge
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| motor neurons | nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers
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| neuromuscular junction | also called a synapse and forms when each branch connects to the muscle
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| motor unit | single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates
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| presynaptic terminal | the enlarged nerve terminal
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| synaptic cleft | space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell
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| postsynaptic terminal | the muscle fiber
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| synaptic vesicles | located in the presynaptic terminal and secrete a neurotransmitter
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| acetylcholine | neurotransmitter and it diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to the postsynaptic terminal
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| exocytosis | process when an action potential reaches the nerve terminal, it causes the synaptic vesicles to release acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft
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| acetylcholinesterase | enzymatic breakdown that happens when acetylcholine is released into the synaptic cleft between the neuron and muscle cell
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| sliding filament mechanism | sliding of actin past myosin during contraction
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| muscle twitch | contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus
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| threshold | a level the stimulus has to reach in order for the muscle fiber to respond to the stimulus
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| lag phase | time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction
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| contraction phase | the time of contraction
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| relaxation phase | time during which the muscle relaxes
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| tetany | when the muscle remains contracted without relaxing
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| recruitment | increase in number of motor units being activated
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| anaerobic respiration | without oxygen
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| aerobic respiration | with oxygen
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| oxygen debt | amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose and to replenish the stored creatine phosphate stored in muscle cells
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| muscle fatigue | results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in muscle cells
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| isometric | length of the muscle does not change but the amount of tension increases during contraction
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| isotonic | amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during contraction but the length of the muscle changes
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| muscle tone | refers to constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time
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| fast-twitch fibers | contract and fatigue quickly
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| slow-twitch fibers | contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue
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| origin | the most stationary end of the muscle
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| insertion | end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement
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| belly | portion of muscle between the origin and the insertion
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| synergists | muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements
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| antagonist | muscles that work together in opposition to one another
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| prime mover | among group of synergists, one muscle plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement
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| occipitofrontalis | raises the eyebrows
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| orbicularis oculi | closes the eyelids and causes crows feet wrinkles in the skin at the lateral corners of the eye
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| orbicularis oris | puckers the lips
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| buccinator | flattens the cheeks
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| zygomaticus | smiling muscle
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| levator labii superioris | sneering
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| depressor anguli oris | frowning
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| mastication | chewing
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| intrinsic tongue muscles | changes the shape of the tongue
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| extrinsic tongue muscles | moves the tongue
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| sternocleidomastiod | lateral neck muscle and prime mover; rotates and abducts the head
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| platysma | sheetlike muscle that covers the anterolateral neck
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| erector spinae | Group of muscles on each side of the back; responsible for keeping the back straight and the body erect
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| thoracic muscles | muscles that move the thorax
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| external intercostals | elevate the ribs during inspiration
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| internal intercostals | contract during forced expiration
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| linea alba | tendinous area of the abdominal wall that extends from the sternum through the navel to the pubis
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| trapezius | rotates the scapula
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| serratus anterior | pulls scapula anteriorly
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| pectoralis major | abducts and flexes the arm
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| latissimus dorsi | medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm
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| deltoid | attaches the humerus to the scapula and the clavicle and is the major abductor of the upper limb
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| triceps brachii | extends the forearm
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| biceps brachii | flexes the forearm
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| brachialis | flexes forearm
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| brachioradialis | flexes and supinates the forearm
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| flexor carpi | flexes the wrist
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| Extensor carpi | extends the wrist
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| flexor digitorum | flexes the fingers
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