Chapter 6 Muscles
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| contractility | ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force
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| excitability | capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus
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| extensibility | ability to be stretched
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| elasticity | ability to recoil to their original resting length after being stretched
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| epimysium | each skeletal muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath
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| fascia | another connective tissue located outside the epimysium
surrounds and separates muscles
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| muscle fasciculi | numerous visible bundles
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| perimysium | muscle fascicle surrounded by loose connective tissue
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| fibers | muscle cells
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| endomysium | connective tissue sheath
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| myofibrils | threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other
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| actin myofilaments | thin
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| myosin myofilaments | thick
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| sarcomeres | basic structural and functional unity of the muscle
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| resting membrane potential | charge difference across the membrane
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| action potential | brief reversal back of the charge
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| motor neurons | nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers
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| neuromusclular junction | synapse
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| motor unit | single motor neuron
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| presynaptic terminal | enlarged nerve terminal
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| synaptic cleft | the space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell
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| postsynaptic terminal | muscle fiber
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| synaptic vesicles | secrete a neurotransmitter
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| acetylcholine | neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft
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| sliding filament mechanism | sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction
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| muscle twitch | a contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the actin potential in one or more muscle fibers
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| threshold | at which point the muscle fibers will contract maximally
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| all-or-none response | phenomenon
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| lag phase | time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction
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| contraction phase | time of contraction
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| relaxation phase | time during the muscle relaxes
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| tetany | where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing
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| recruitment | increase number of motor units being activated
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| ATP | adenosine triphospahte
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| ADP | adenosine diphosphate
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| creatine phosphate | high energy molecule
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| anaerobic respiration | without oxygen
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| aerobic respiration | with oxygen
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| oxygen debt | amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose
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| muscle fatigue | results in ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced
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| isometric (equal distance) | length of muscle doesn't change, but amount of tension increases
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| isotonic (equal tension) | amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant, length of muscle changes
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| muscle tone | constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time
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| fast-twitch fibers | contract quickly and fatigue quickly
better suited for anaerobic metabolism
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| slow-twitch fibers | contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue
better suited for aerobic metabolism
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| origin | head; most stationary end of the muscle
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| insertion | end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement
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| belly | portion of the muscle between the origin and insertion
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| synergists | muscles that work together to accomplish specific movement
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| antagonists | muscles that work in opposition to one another
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| prime mover | among a group of synergists, one muscle plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement
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| occipitofrontalis | raises the eyebrows
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| orbicularis oculi | closes the eyelids
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| orbicularis oris | puckers the lips
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| buccinator | flattens the cheeks
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| zygomaticus | smiling muscles
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| levator labii superioris | sneering
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| depressor anguli oris | frowning
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| mastication | chewing
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| intrinsic tongue muscles | changes the shape
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| extrinsic tongue muscles | move the tongue
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| sternocleidomastoid | rotates and abducts the head
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| platysma | pulls down the corners of the mouth
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| erector spinae | group of muscles on each side of the back
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| external intercostals | elevate the ribs during inspiration
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| internal intercostals | contract during forced expiration
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| diaphragm | dome-shaped muscle that aids in breathing and accomplishes quiet breathing
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| linea alba | tendinous area of abdominal wall that consists of connective tissue
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| rectus abdominis | each side of the linea alba
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| tendinous inscriptions | cross the rectus adominis at three or more locations
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| trapezius | rotates the scapula
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| serratus anterior | pulls the scapula anteriorly
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| pectoralis major | adducts and flexes the arm
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| latissimus dorsi | medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm
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| triceps brachii | extends the forearm
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| biceps brachii | flexes the forearm
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| brachialis | flexes the forearm
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| brachioradialis | flexes and supinates the forearm
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| flexor carpi | flexes the wrist
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| extensor carpi | extends the wrist
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| flexor digitorum | flexes the fingers
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| extensor digitorum | extends the fingers
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| intrinsic hand muscles | 19 hand muscles located in the hand
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| interossi | muscles located between the metacarpals
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| gluteus maximus | buttocks
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| gluteus medius | hip muscles
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| quadriceps femoris | extends the leg: anterior thigh muscles
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| sartorius | "tailors muscle" ;flexes the thigh n
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| hamstring | posterior thigh muscles; flexes the leg and extends the thigh
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| gastrocnemius and soleus | form the calf muscles
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| calcaneal tendon | flex the foot and toes
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| peroneus | lateral muscles of the leg
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| intrinsic foot muscles | flex, extend, abduct, and adduct the toes ; 20 muscles located on the foot.
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