World War II
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| **"Good Neighbor" Policy** | Renounced any nation's right to intervene in affairs of another - FDR removed troops from Haiti/Dominican Republic, terminated Platt Amendment
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| Cuba economic crisis 1933 | Instead of sending marines, FDR sent indirect aid to revolt's Fulgencio Batista
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| Mexico's oil policy | Nationalized oil companies owned by US and British corporations. No US intervention, compromised with Mexico
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| **Benito Mussolini | Italy's dictator 1922-'43 - Invaded Ethiopia 1935, persecuted Jews in 1938
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| **Adolf Hitler** | Germany's chancellor Jan 1933. Nazi Party gained support as result of depression. "Purified" nation of Jews
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| Rhineland, Austria, Sudetenland (part of Czechoslovakia), Czechoslovakia, Poland | Taken over by Germany in 1935, 38
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| Neville Chamberlain | British prime minister
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| Appeasement | Policy stating that Germany had no more territorial ambitions in return for not another war
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| Manchuria | Chinese province taken over by Japan in 1931 before calling full war and taking over major parts
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| Neutrality Acts 1935-1937 | Outlawed arms sales/loans to nations in war
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| Louis Ludlow Amendment | Proposed but failed amendment for no US declaration of war unless direct attack
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| 1936 Olympics | Held in Berlin, Jesse Owens (Black US runner) mocked Nazi myth of racial superiority
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| Joseph Stalin and German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact | Hitler agreement with Soviet leader to not fight and would divide Poland after Germany invasion
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| Nuremberg Laws of 1935 | Got rid of Jewish German citizenship, increased Jews' restrictions on education, social, economic life
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| St Louis | Vessel with 900 Jew refugees wanted to dock in Florida, Immigration officials disagreed, sent back to Germany where 700 were killed
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| Danzig | Polish city demanded back by Germans, but denied. Nazi troops went into Poland Sep 1939. British and French declared war on Germany
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| Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, and Britain | Overwhelmed by Nazis (1940) after US began to sell weapons to belligerents
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| Winston Churchill** | British New Prime Minister, wanted more US aid 1940 after Luftwaffe German attacks destroyed Coventry
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| Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis | Forces fighting against Allies
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| Election of 1940 | FDR w/ other Democrat Henry Wallace v Republican Wendell Willkie
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| Selective Service and Training Act | First ever peacetime draft in US history
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| America First Committee | Isolationism's national voice - financed by Ford, Lindbergh was most popular speaker (against war)
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| Lend-Lease Program** | Supply war material to Britain
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| Atlantic Charter** | Issued by Churchill and FDR: No international aggression, yes national self-determination, endorsed principles of free trade, disarmament, collective security
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| Reuben James | Sunk by U-boat, killed 115 Americans. Pushed FDR to ask Congress for permission to use merchant ships into war zones (no more Neutrality Acts)
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| Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere | Japan desiring this empire made of much of China, Southeast Asia, western Pacific
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| General Hideki Toji | Expansionist who replaced Japanese prime minister. Wanted to attack US in 1941 because of halt on trade with Japan
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| Pearl Harbor on Oahu | Dive-bombed and torpedoed by Japan on December 7, 1941. Opened up Japanese attacks on Philippines, Malaya, Hong Kong
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| US declaration of war against Japan | December 8, 1941
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| German declaration of war against US | December 11, 1941
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| War Powers Act | Congress granted president unprecedented authority over all aspects of war
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| Joint Chiefs of Staff | Army, Navy, Army Air Force
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| Office of Strategic Services (OSS) | Conduct espionage required for strategic planning
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| The War Production Board (WPB) | Gave materials, limited production, distributed contracts
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| War Manpower Commission (WMC) | Watched mobilization of men/women in war, agriculture, and industry
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| National War Labor Board (NWLB) | Figured our disputes between management and labor
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| **Office of Price Administration (OPA) | Rationed extra products, placed price/rent to check inflation. President took over these to slow inflation at end of war
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| John L Lewis - United Mine Workers (UMW) | led 1/2M coal-field workers out of pits - were striking (rare). States passed laws to limit union power
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| Smith Connally War Labor Disputes Act | Empowered president to take over any facility where strikes interrupted war production
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| Wildcat strikes | Strikes not authorized by union leaders, only lasted small time
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| War bonds | Provided almost half of the money to finance the war
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| Revenue Act of 1942 | Raised top-income tax 60% to 94%, imposed income taxes on middle/low class for first tiem
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| Wizard War | Nickname Churchill have to the war (scientific/tech/medical developments)
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| Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) | Developed new ordnance and military medicine.
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| Mark I and ENIAC | Computing machines that increased the accuracy of artillery
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| Insecticides and DDT | Killed malaria-carrying mosquitoes. Medical improvements help improved life overall
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| Manhattan Project | Albert Einstein (Jewish refugee) warned Roosevelt of German atomic fission and bombs. Project used Urainium and Plutonium, Dropped a bomb in Alamogordo, New Mexico's desert.
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| Office of War Information (OWI) | Employed more than 4k artists, writers, advertisers to explain war, counter enemy propaganda (pushed people to defeat enemy)
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| Operation TORCH | American troops landed in North Africa, trapped Germans/Italians eastward while British pushed west. 260K German/Italian troops surrender
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| Wehrmacht | Name for the German Army
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| Battle of Stalingrad 1942-1943 | Russians defended Russia from Germans
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| **Operation OVERLORD - June 6, 1944 | AKA DDay - 200K American/British w/ infantry stormed Normandy coast in largest invasion in history - led by Eisenhower.
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| **Battle of the Bulge - December 1944 | Named after 80 mi x 50mi gap in American lines - last resort Germans were defeated
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| Battle of Midway June 1942 | US broke Japanese naval code, knew plans. Carriers/planes beat Japanese, taking them to a defensive position
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| Battles of Philippine Sea and Leyte Gulf | After island-hopping from Australia to philippines, navy annihilated rest of Japanese fleet - controlled Japan's air/shipping lanes
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| Election of 1944 | Harry S Truman replaced liberal Henry A Wallace from VP ticket. FDR barely beat Thomas E Dewey (Republican)
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| **Rosie the Riveter | Became the idealistic symbol of the woman war worker
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| Women's Army Corps (WACs) and Navy's Women Appointed for Volunteer Emergency Service (WAVES) | Replaced men in noncombat jobs (mechanics/ radio/ mapmakers/ ferry pilots)
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| Office of Scientific Research and Development | Sent $100B to Western universities
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| Pocket Book Company | Introduced paperbacks in 1939, Armed Services Editions reprinted paperback reprints and distributed free to soldiers
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| NAACP | Membership 10x to 1/2M in 1945, Pressed for no poll tax/ lynching/ discrimination/ disfranchisement
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| Smith v Allwright (1944) | Texas all-white primary declared unconstitutional, other southern states affected but used other devices to minimize black votes
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| Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) (1942) | Sought to desegregate public places in north
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| **A Philip Randolph** | Called for "thundering march" of 100K, threatening Washington if FDR did not end discrimination (Ex Order 8802)
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| Executive Order 8802 | Prohibited discriminatory employment practices by agencies / unions & companies in war-related work, established Fair Employment Practices Commission
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| 761st Tank Battalion / 99th Pursuit Squadron | All black military groups that won distinction in fighting against Germany
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| Detroit 1943 | City where black and white mobs and property was destroyed for over 30 hours
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| National Congress of Native Americans (1944) | Created to end campaign for ending reservations / trust protections - discriminated in mainstream towns
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| **Braceros | Temporary Mexican workers imported w/ an agreement with Mexico - encouraged illegal immigration desperate for employment
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| League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) | Returning Mexican-American GI's joined these anti-discrimination groups to press for equal rights
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| Veteran's Benevolent Association (1945) | First organization in US to fight against homosexual discrimination
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| Internment of Japanese Americans | 40 years of anti-Japanese sentiment in West coast
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| Executive order 9066 | Authorized removal of military areas of anyone seen as threat. Military ordered eviction of all native/foreign born Japanese-Americans from the West (except Hawaii)
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| Korematsu v US (1944) | Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of evacuation of Japanese to camps in this case. Slowly after, gov began program to begin gradual release and give Japs rights
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| Personal Justice Denied | Report apologizing to Japanese and blaming Roosevelt's administration for race prejudice of Japanese. 1988, Congress gave $20K to all surviving internees
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| Fred Korematsu | Awarded Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1998 by Clinton for protesting evacuation of Japanese
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| The Yalta Conference (February 1945) and Yalta accords | FDR, Churchill, and Stalin met in Soviet city. Stalin vowed to declare war on Japan 2-3 months after Germany's surrender. FDR and Churchill promised to give back territories it had lost in Ruso-Japanese War (1904)
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| United Nations | Agreed to a founding conference in San Francisco 1945
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| April 30, May 2, May 8 1945 | Hitler committed suicide / Berlin fell to Soviets / German gov surrendered unconditionally
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| V-E Day | Victory in Europe in May 8, 1945 (Roosevelt died April 12)
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| Harry S Truman | FRD successor, not familiarized with FRD policies. Attack Molotov (Russian ambassador) to cut off aid, Stalin ignored promises he made at Yalta
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| Potsdam Conference (July-August) | Arranged postwar ideas begun at Yalta, barely agreed on how to punish Germany. Truman ordered use of atomic bomb if no Japanese surrender before August 3
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| Holocaust | Pushed military to speed winning of war. 1944, US planes flew over Auschwitz and bombed factories, ignored gas chambers
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| War Refugee Board | Managed to save 220K Jews and non-Jews, other 6M Jews, gypsies, communists, gays were killed
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| Okinawa / Iwo Jima | Japaneses cities invaded by US troops, high casualty rate
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| Potsdam Declaration (July 26, 1945) | Truman warned Japan to surrender unconditionally, Japan refused
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| Hiroshima / Nigasaki | Enola Gay and Bock's Car flew uranium and plutonium bombs that killed around 150K people
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