Urinalysis
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| anuria | absence of urine production
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| dysuria | painful or difficult urination
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| glucosuria | presence of glucose in urine
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| hematuria | presence of blood in the urine
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| ketonuria | presence of ketones in urine
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| nocturia | excessive urination during the night
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| oliguria | decrease in the amount of urine formation
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| polyuria | increase in the amount of urine formed and excreted
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| proteinuria | presence of protein in urine
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| renal threshold | concentration at which a substance in the blood not normally excreted by the kidneys begin to appear in the urine
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| specific gravity | weight of a substance compared with an equal amount of water
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| turbid | degree of cloudiness
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| describe characteristics of urine | 95% water and 5% is made up of organic and inorganic substances
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| random urine specimen | used for routine urinalysis screening; not recommended for cultures
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| first morning urine specimen | yields most concentrated type of specimen and is best for pregnancy tests and routine urinalysis
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| clean catch midstream urine specimen | used for urine cultures and routine urinalysis
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| 24 hour urine testing | used for quantitative chemical analysis
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| catheterized urine specimen | best for cultures and maybe used for cytology
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| suprapubic aspirate specimen | involves collecting aspirate from the urinary bladder by introducing a syringe directly into the bladder; sometimes performed on pediatric pts
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| kidneys | filter waste materials from the blood; regulate water, electrolyte, and acid-base content of the blood; excrete urine
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| ureters | carry urine from kidneys to the urinary bladder
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| urinary bladder | receptacle for urine; receives urine from the kidneys via the ureters and discharges urine from the body through the urethra
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| urethra | discharges urine from the bladder to outside the body
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| normal color of urine | pale yellow, amber, straw yellow
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| abnormal color of urine | orange, red, brown, milky
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| normal specific gravity | 1.005-1.03
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| normal ph | 4.5-8.0
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| cause of an acidic pH | acidosis, diabetes mellitus, or starvation
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| cause of an alkaline pH | may indicate a UTI
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| temporary increase in protein | fever, stress, or strenuous exercise
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| chronic increase in protein | renal failure or other renal conditions
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| presence of ketones | starvation, high fat diet, pregnancy, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
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| high levels of bilirubin | liver damage or obstructions, hepatitis, or cirrhosis
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| high levels of urobilinogen | biliary obstruction, cirrhosis, heart failure, or excessive RBC destruction
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| presence of blood | trauma to the kidneys, UTI, and kidney stones
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| presence of hemoglobin | transfusion reaction, hemolytic anemia, arsenic poisoning, or malaria
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| presence of nitrite | bacteria and possible UTI
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| presence of WBC | UTI
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| orange or brownish color | possible liver disease
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| red or reddish | UTI, trauma, or a renal disorder
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| milky | possibly fat globules or a UTI
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| what are some foods that can change the color of urine | carrots (orange), beets (red), blackberries (red)
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| what are some vitamins that can change the color of urine | C (bright yellow or orange) and B (bright yellow or orange)
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| what are some medications that can change the color of urine | antibiotics (yellowish-brown), rifampin (reddish orange), phenazopyridine (reddish orange)
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