Chapter 18-22 AP American History
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| Wilmot Proviso | A bill introduced after the Mexican War that stated no slavery should exist in territory gained from Mexico.
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| Popular Sovereignty | Allowed the residents of the territory/area to decide whether slavery was allowed to exist or not.
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| Compromise of 1850--North: | -California admitted as a free state--tipped balance of free/slave
-the territory that was disputed by Texas and New Mexico was surrendered to New Mexico
-abolition of the slave trade (but not slavery) in the District of Columbia
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| Compromise of 1850--South: | -Texas: $10 million from the federal government as compensation--fugitive-slave law than the one of 1793
-remainder of the Mexican Cession area formed into the territories of New Mexico and Utah, w/o slavery restriction
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| Fugitive Slave Law | Slave owner can recapture their runaway slaves. Fed. Gov. responsible for tracking down & apprehending fugitive slaves in the North, and sending them back to the South.
Powerful exercise of federal authority within the US
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| Kansas-Nebraska Act | Stephen Douglas proposed: Territory of Nebraska would be sliced into two territories: Kansas and Nebraska...pop. sov. decide issue of slavery.
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| Bleeding Kansas | Lecompton Constitution → people could vote “with slavery” or “with no slavery” but if they voted against slavery, the Lecompton Constitution would still protect the owners of slaves already in Kansas
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| Effect of Bleeding Kansas | Pushed N. and S. apart on issue of slavery even more than they already were.
Showed popular sovereignty wouldn’t work.
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| Birth of the Republican Party | created after the Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed; Midwest
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| Dred Scott Case | Supreme Court twisted the simple legal case into complex political issue. Rule that Dred Scott was a black slave and not a citizen, therefore could not sue in federal court.
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| Border States | Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland
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| Emancipation Proclamation | changed status of war to slavery; Where he could free them he didn't, where he couldn't free them, he did
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| Battle of Antietam | 1st battle in Civil War to take place on Northern soil; Found copy of Lee’s battle plans-succeeded in halting Lee; 1 of bloodiest days in War
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| 13th Amendment | abolished slavery
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| 14th Amendment | Reconstruction amendment; citizenship rights and equal protection of laws
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| 15th Amendment | Prohibits fed. and state gov. from denying a citizen the right to vote based on their race, color, previous servitude.
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| Free Soilers | organized by anti-slavery men in the north, democrats who were resentful at Polk's actions; against slavery in the new territories; internal improvements.
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| Fort Sumter | Issue of divided union came to head over forts in S; Carolinas opened fire on fort, fort lost
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| Strengths of North | Abundance of factories to produce supplies.
Contained ¾ of nations wealth.
Large population/immigrants: lots of manpower..22 million
Controlled seas and railroads
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| Strengths of South | Great commanders
Bred to fight, better shooters
morale/reason to fight.
defensive war, only needed a draw
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| Weaknesses of North | No reason to fight.
less prepared for military life
weak commanders
Lincoln's use of trial and error to find commander...too many commanders
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| Weaknesses of South | only 9 million people
shortage of supplies
lack of economy and manufacturing
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| Chronology of Battles | Bull Run 1, Bull Run 2, Shiloh, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Vicksburg, Gettysburg, March to the Sea, Appomattox
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| Importance of Antietam | Union victory allowed Lincoln to give his Emancipation Proclamation
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| Significance of Battle of Gettysburg | turning point of war; Lee’s plan to invade N. and end war failed.
Location played in favor of N; knew the area, had the use of the “fishhook” hills to surround them and provide protection against Lee.
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| Postwar South | Economy devastated.
Many white southerners still believed secession was right.
S. thought reconstruction was worse than war; resented upending of their social and radical system.
Republicans failed to improve the S.
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| Freedmen’s Bureau: | Welfare agency after Civil War; Oliver O. Howard; Wanted to provide clothes, food, medical care, and education; Taught 200,000 blacks how to read; White S. resented the Bureau; Johnson tried to kill it.
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| 10% Plan | Lincoln's reconstruction plan.
S. state reintegrated into the Union if 10% of its voters in the 1860 election pledged an oath of allegiance to the US and emancipation.
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| Wade Davis Bill | required 50% state’s voters take the oath of allegiance and demanded stronger safeguards for emancipation than Lincoln’s
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| Congressional Republicans | Republicans alarmed to realize restored S. would be stronger than ever in nat. politics. Feared N and S. Dem. would join and take over Congress w/ Black Codes
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| Black Codes: | law that defined and limited the rights of former slaves after the Civil War.
Aimed to ensure a stable labor force.
Miss.=harshest, GA=most lenient
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| Union League | network of political clubs that educated members in their civic duties and campaigned for Rep. candidates.
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| Radical Reconstruction | Black men began to hold political offices.
S. whites hated seeing their former slaves ranking above them. Labelled scalawags and carpetbaggers.
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| KKK: | Blacks who refused were punished or killed.
Scared blacks into not voting, not seeking jobs, etc; often resorted to violence.
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| Reconstruction Era Amendments | 13, 14, 15
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| Vicksburg | Conf. fortress on Miss. whose fall to Grant cut the South in 2
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| Penn. battle that ended Lee's hope of achieving victory through invasion of North | Gettysburg
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| Copperheads | N. Dem. who openly opposed the Civil war and sympathized w/ south.
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| Appomattox Court House | VA site where Lee surrendered to Grant in April 1865.
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| McClellan | Commander of army of Potomac; perfectionist/overcautious; Pen. campaign
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| Total War Plan: | Suffocate S. by blockading coast, liberate slaves and economic foundations of S.; capture richmond
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| A major effect of the 1st Battle of Bull Run was to: | Increase the South's already dangerous overconfidence.
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| The primary weakness of General George McClellan as a military commander was his: | excessive caution and reluctance to use his troops.
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| After the failed Peninsula campaign, Lincoln and the Union turned to a: | new strategy based on total war against the Confederacy.
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| The Union blockade of Confederate ports was: | initially leaky but eventually effective.
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| Antietam was one of the crucial battles of the war because: | it prevented British and French recognition of the Confederacy.
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| Officially, the Emancipation Proclamation freed only slaves: | under control of the rebellious Conf. States
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| The political effects of the Emancipation Proclamation were to: | strengthen the North's moral cause but weaken the Lincoln administration in the Border States and parts of the North.
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| Thousands of black soldiers in the Union Army: | added a powerful weapon to the antislavery dimension of the Union cause.
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| Lee's primary goal in invading the North in the summer of 1863 was to: | strengthen the N. peace movement and encourage foreign intervention in the war.
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| Grant's capture of Vicksburg was especially important because it: | quelled N. peace agitation and cut off the Conf. trade route across the Mississippi.
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| Lincoln dealt with the leading Copperhead, Clement Vallandigham, by: | convicting him of treason and then shipping him to the South.
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| Johnson, Lincoln's VP running mate in 1864, was a: | War Democrat
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| Lincoln's election victory in 1864 was sealed by Union military successes at: | Mobile, Atlanta, and the Shenandoah Valley
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| Sherman's March to Sea was notable for its: | brutal use of total war tactics of destruction.
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| As Dem. Party nominee in 1864, McClellan: | repudiated the Copperhead platform that called for a negotiated settlement w/ the Confederacy.
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| McClellan's unsuccessful attempt to end war quickly by a back-door conquest of Richmond: | Peninsula Campaign
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| Amendment that permanently ended slavery throughout US: | 13
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| Conf. fortress on Miss. whose fall to Grant in 1863 cut the South in 2: | Vicksburg
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| Penn. battle that ended Lee's last hopes of achieving victory through invasion of the N. | Gettysburg
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| N. Dem. who opposed Civil War and sympathized w/ S. | Copperheads
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| Temp. 1864 coalition of Rep. and War Dem. that backed Lincoln's re-election: | Union Party
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| Site where Lincoln was assassinated: | Ford's Theater
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| VA site where Lee surrendered to Grant in April 1865: | Appomattox Court House
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| Daring S. commander killed at Battle of Chancellorsville: | Stonewall
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| S. officer whose failed charge at Gettysburg marked the "high water mark of the Conf" | George Pickett
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| Union commander who first made his mark w/ victories in the West | Ulysses S. Grant
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| Ruthless N. general who waged a march through GA: | William T. Sherman
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| Sec. of Trea. who wanted to replace Lincoln as president in 1864: | Salmon P. Chase
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| Lincoln's plan for the besieged fed. forces in Fort Sumter: | send supplies for existing soldiers, no reinforcements
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| Firing on Ft. Sumter had effect of: | arousing N. support for a war to put down the S. rebellion
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| States that joined the Conf. after Lincoln's call for troops in 1861: | VA, Arkansas, Tenn., NC
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| Butter Region: | areas of S. Ohio, Indiana, and IL that opposed antislavery war.
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| Indian Territory, most of 5 Civilized Tribes: | supported the Conf. and sent warriors to fight for it.
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| Response to Civil War in Europe: | support for S. among upper classes; for N. in working classes.
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| S. weapon of King Cotton failed to draw Britain into the war for Conf. because: | the British found cotton from previous stockpiles and Egypt and India.
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| US minister in London warned that US would declare war against Britain if: | the British gov. delivered the Laird Rams it had built for Conf.
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| Fed. military installation in Charleston Harbor which the first shots of war fired: | Sumter
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| British ship which 2 Conf. forcibly removed by US Navy | Alabama
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| Ironclad warships kept out of hands of Conf. by protests to British Gov. | Laird Rams
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| paper currency issued by wartime Union | greenbacks
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| Fin. institution set up by wartime fed. gov. to sell war bonds and issue stable paper currency | Nat. Banks
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| Fed. law of 1862 that offered free land in the W. to pioneers willing to settle on it | Homestead
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| French dictator who ignored Monroe Doctrine | Napoleon III
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| American envoy who helped keep Britain neutral during Civil War | Charles Adams
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| Robert E. Lee's military assisstant | Thomas Jackson
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| Leader whose conflict w/ states' rights advocates and personaltiy harmed ability to direct his nations warfare. | Jefferson Davis
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| Transformed nursing into profession | Clara Barton
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| Congressional elections of 1866 resulted in a: | decisive defeat for Johnson
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| Mod. Republicans generally: | favored states' rights and opposed fed. involvement
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| Reconstruction Act of 1867 required: | give blacks the vote as a condition of readmission to the Union.
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| Public accepted purchase of Alaska because it: | grateful to Russia as the only power friendly to the Union.
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| 2 largest African American denominations: | Baptist, Methodist
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| Supreme Court ruling that military tribunals could not try civilians when the civil courts were open: | Exparte Milligan
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| term for white S. who cooperated w/ Rep. reconstruction | scalawags
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| t. for N. who came to S. during Reconstruction and took part in Rep. state gov. | Carpetbaggers
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| Leader of Senate Rep. radicals during reconstruction: | Charles Sumner
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| Leader of Rad. Rep. in House of Reps. | Thaddeus Stevens
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| White S. against radical reconstruction | Andrew Johnson
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