History
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| when was the minion society arose? | late third millennium B.C.E.
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| 2200 and 1450 B.C.E., | center of Mediterranean commerce
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| what type of writing was used? | Linear A
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| when was minoan society dominated? | 1100 B.C.E.
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| Indo-European immigrants settled in .... | Mycenaean society
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| what was liner A changed to? | linear B
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| who protected agricultural settlements? | Stone fortresses in the Peloponnesus
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| Chaos in the eastern Mediterranean after when?. | Trojan War (1200 B.C.E.
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| when did Sparta began to extend control? | during eighth and seventh centuries B.C.E.
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| Sparta | Reduced the neighboring peoples to semi-free servants and Maintained domination by a powerful military machine
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| Spartan society | Discouraged social distinction and Distinction was drawn by prowess
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| to who was open the citizenship to? | to free adult males, not to foreigners, slaves, and women
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| Athenian society | Maritime trade brought about prosperity to Attica, the region of Athens
Aristocratic landowners were primary beneficiaries
Class tension became intensified in the sixth century B.C.E.
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| Pericles (ca. 443-429 B.C.E.) | most popular democratic leader of Athens
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| how many colonies did greeks founded? | more than four hundred colonies
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| What were the benefits of the colonies ? | Facilitated trade among Mediterranean lands and people
Spread of Greek language and cultural traditions
Stimulated development of surrounding areas
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| The Persian War (500-479 B.C.E.) | Greek cities on Ionian coast revolted against Persia, 500 B.C.E.
Battle of Marathon, 490 B.C.E., is decisive victory for Athens
Xerxes tried again to seize Athens; his navy lost battle of Salamis (480 .)
Persian army retreated back to Anatolia (479 .)
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| The Delian League | Military and financial alliance among Greek poleis against Persian threat,
When Persian threat subsided, poleis, other than Athens, no longer wanted to make contribution
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| The Peloponnesian War (431-404 B.C.E.) | Tensions led to two armed camps, under leadership of Athens and Sparta
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| who brought Greece under control? | Philip of Macedon
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| Alexander of Macedon | he succeeds Philip at age twenty and begins conquests
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| who controlled Syria, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Invaded Persian homeland and burned Persepolis, Crossed Indus River and army refused to go farther and Died in 323 B.C.E. at age of thirty-three | Alexander of Macedon
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| what were the Hellenistic Empires? | Antigonid, Ptolemaic, Seleucid
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| Antigonid empire: Greece and Macedon | Continuous tension between the Antigonid rulers and Greek cities
Economy of Athens and Corinth flourished again through trade
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| The Ptolemaic empire: Egypt--the wealthiest | The rulers did not interfere in Egyptian society
Alexandria, capital at mouth of the Nile
Cultural center: the famous Alexandria Museum and Alexandria Library
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| The Seleucid empire: largest, from Bactria to Anatolia | Greek and Macedonian colonists flocked to Greek cities of the former Persia
Colonists created a Mediterranean-style urban society
Bactria withdrew from Seleucids and established independent Greek kingdom
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| how did Trade and commerce flourished? | it flourished by resulting in population growth and more colonies
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| what was the production of the trade and commerce? | olive oil and wine, in exchange for grain and other items
Led to broader sense of Greek community
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| what become popular ? | Panhellenic festivals (like Olympic Games)
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| what were the Greek society in Homer's works? |
Heroic warriors and outspoken wives in Homer's world
Strong-willed human beings clashed constantly
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| Patriarchal society was the norm | Women could not own landed property but could operate small businesses,
Priestess was the only public position for women,
Spartan women enjoyed higher status than women of other poleis
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| of what did Sappho wrote poems about? | attraction to women
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| what were it the poems about? | Instructed young women in music and literature at home,
Critics charged her with homosexual activity (not acceptable for women)
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| Slavery | people Worked as cultivators, domestic servants
Educated or skilled slaves worked as craftsmen and business managers
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| What was the formation of Greek cultural traditions? | a philosophy based on human reason
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| Socrates (470-399 B.C.E.)"An unexamined life is not worth living" | Encouraged reflection on questions of ethics and morality
Was condemned to death on charge of corrupting Athenian youths
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| who was Plato (430-347 B.C.E.)? | A zealous disciple of Socrates
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| What does it mean to be in socrates? | The theory of Forms or Ideas--world of ideal qualities
This world is imperfect reflection of world of Forms
His Republic expressed the ideal of philosophical kings
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| Who was Plato's student? | Aristotle (384-322 B.C.E.)
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| Whats the Legacy of Greek philosophy? | Intellectual authorities for European philosophers until seventeenth century
Intellectual inspiration for Christian and Islamic theologians
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| what were the Greek deities? | Zeus and scores of subordinate deities
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| Drama was performed at annual theatrical festivals | Great tragedians explored the possibilities and limitations of human action
Comic drama took delight in lampooning the public figures
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| The Hellenistic philosophers | search for personal tranquility
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| Epicureans | identified pleasure as the greatest good
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| Skeptics | doubted certainty of knowledge, sought equanimity
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| Stoics | taught individuals duty to aid others and lead virtuous lives
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| Religions of salvation spread through trade routes | Mystery religions promised eternal bliss for believers; like Cult of Osiris
Speculation about a single, universal god emerged
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