L21-39 KeyTerms&Pple
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| Umayyads | a dynasty that ruled for 90 years
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| Berbers | people that lived in Northern Africa that converted to Islam and helped the empire move forward
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| Visigoths | a catholic member of the Goths
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| Charles Martel | Attacked the Muslims with his army of Franks
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| Franks | French
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| jizya | a head tax Christians and Jews had to pay
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| Talmud | the collection of Jewish law and tradition
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| bureaucracy | many different departments managed by workers appointed by the caliph or his representatives
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| zakat | 2.5 percent charity tax paid by Muslims
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| emir | governors appointed directly by the caliph
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| rabbi | a Jewish teacher
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| synagogue | a Jewish temple
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| Torah | the Jewish Bible
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| Arabic | the Arab language
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| Abd al Malik | a Muslim caliph that helped shape an influential Muslim culture:
UMAYYAD CALIPH
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| Abd al Rahman | founder of Umayyad Dynasty in Cordoba
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| Abbasids | family able to gain control of the Muslim Empire in the east
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| Baghdad | the new capital of the Muslim Empire
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| corriander | a plant used for medicinal powers
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| calligraphy | the art of fine handwriting; such as that practiced in Muslim art and writing
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| Tigris and Euphrates | rivers around Baghdad
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| algebra | a type of mathematics named after one of al Khwarizmi's books al jabr
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| House of Wisdom | a school in Baghdad
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| Mesopotamia | a country between two rivers (Tigris & Euphrates) that held the new Muslim capital
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| factions | opposing groups
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| arabesque | floral designs
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| Caliph al Ma'mun | founded the "House of Wisdom"
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| Avicenna | Ibn Sina: a leading Abbasid figure of medicine
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| Turks | people from Central Asia
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| ar-Razi | a Persian-born physician that wrote the first accurate description of smallpox and measels
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| Seljuk | a warrior
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| Abu Jafar al Mansur | moved the capital of the Muslim Empire from Damascus to Baghdad
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| al Khwarizmi | famous Abbasid mathematician
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| Fatimids | the descendants of Muhammad's daughter Fatima
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| Cordoba | ancient Roman City
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| Ladino | the Saphardic language
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| Great Mosque | The third largest mosque in the world
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| Aragon and Castille | the combined kingdoms of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella
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| Sephardic | a Jewish-Spanish culture
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| legacy | gift
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| Reconquest | when Christians took over part of Spain
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| Abd al Rahman III | The first Umayyad ruler of Spain
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| Abbas ibn Firnas | the first visiting scholar that came to teach music but began to explore the mechanics of flight
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| Moses Maimomides | a famous writer of Muslim Spain
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| Ferdinand and Isabella | the people that reconquered Spain and expelled Jews
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| Sahara | a desert in North Africa
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| Niger River | a river in W Africa, rising in S Guinea, flowing NE through Mali, and then SE through Nigeria into the Gulf of Guinea
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| savanna | a region of grasslands containing scattered trees and vegetation
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| Jenne-jeno | a city located in the country of Mali
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| sahel | a region known as "shore of the desert"
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| Nok | a city in present day Nigeria; The first West Africans to make iron
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| Senegal River | helped communication and transport in Ghana
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| Ghana Wangara | a part of Ghana with fields of gold
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| Mali | a country in West Africa
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| Koumbi Maghreb | a region ruled by the Berbers
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| matrilineal | throne given to nephew from sister
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| patrilineal | the throne given from father to son
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| Soninke Mandinke | people who descend from the Bafour and are closely related to the Imraguen of Mauritania
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| Almoravids | were a Berber dynasty of Morocco
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| Sanhaja Tuareg | one of the largest Berber tribal confederations of the Maghreb
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| Sumanguru | a king of Ghana, Africa
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| griot | an African storyteller
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| Timbuktu | a city in Africa; another trade center
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| Niana | Mali's capital
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| Gao | a city along the Niger River, the capital of the new Songhai Empire
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| Sundiata | a king of Mali, Africa
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| Mansa Musa | Mali's greatest ruler
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| Ibn Battuta | a north-African writer
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| Askia Muhammad | overthrew Sunni Ali's son and became king of the Songhai Empire, named Islam state religion
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| Songhai | a new empire out of Mali ruled by Sunni Ali
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| Sunni Ali | the first king of the Songhai Empire
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| Judar Pasha | Muslim Spaniard that took people into battle to conquer Songhai
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| millet | a wheat like grain
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| diviners | helped people interact with gods; communicated with the spirit world; had healing powers
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| clan | a group of close-knit and interrelated families
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| sorghum | a kind of grain; Sorghum is a genus of plants in the grass family
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| kinship | blood relationship
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| cassava | the starchy tuberous root of a tropical tree, used as food in tropical countries but requiring careful preparation to remove traces of cyanide from the flesh.
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| indigenous | native
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| ancestor worship | a way to honor relatives that they believe spirits are believed to have the power to intervene in the affairs of the living.
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| manioc | another term for cassava.
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| ethnolinguistics | the study of various people through their languages
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| anopheles mosquito | causes malaria breeds in areas with standing water
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| tsetse fly | flies that could infect both humans and cattle with a fatal illness.
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| migrated Bantu | people from a village in Africa that moved to resettle
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| Khoikhoi | a non-Bantu people whose language sounds like a series of clicks; herd cattle
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| San | a non-Bantu people whose language sounds like a series of clicks; forced out of normal hunting grounds
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