Phase 1
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| Cells (1) | the basis of all living things
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| Higher level organisms | composed by "communities of cells"
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| Individualised cells | cells of specialised function within "communities" which makes up higher level organisms
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| Cells (2) | semi-independent, living unit within living things; completely independent in unicellular organisms; in which are cited mechanisms for metabolism, growth and replication (via division)
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| Basic cellular composition | an aqueous solution of organic molecules surrounded by a membrane
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| Organelle | a subunit within a cell; defined structure; usually bounded by membranes
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| Ribosome | an un-bounded organelle
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| Tissue | an organised assembly of cells and their extracellular products; this assembly of cells carry out similar and coordinated activities within the body
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| Connective, lympoid | examples of tissue; assembled cells with similar functions
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| Organ | an assembly of tissues coordinated to perform specific functions within the body
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| Eye, ear, heart, lungs, liver | examples of organs
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| Prokaryote (1) | a single-celled organism in which the chromosome is a circular strand lying free in the cell and has no membranous organelles
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| Prokaryote (2) | a single-celled organism that contains no nucleus and no membranous organelles
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| Eukaryote (1) | a single or multi-celled organism in which the chromosomes are enclosed in the nucleus; typically have cytoplasmic, membrane-bound organelles;
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| Eukaryote (2) | single or multi-celled organisms where DNA is divided into a series of linear chromosomes and considerable differences occur between cells within the same organism
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| Eukaryote (3) | plants, fungi, animals, protozoa, algae
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| Virus (1) | an assemblage of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and proteins along with other molecules which is parasitic of prokaryotes/eukaryotes; not cells or organisms
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| Nucleic acid and proteins | major components of a virus
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| Virus (2) | invade cells, subvert their protein synthesis to make more of themselves instead of normal cell proteins, then escape to infect other cells
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| Virus (3) | lacks a plasma membrane and only operates chemically within a host cell
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| 0.2-2.0 micro m | diametre of a prokaryotic cell
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| 10-100 micro m | diametre of a eukaryotic cell
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| ER, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts | eukaryotic organelles that contain phospholipid membranes
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| 9+2 | arrangement of microtubules in flagella and cilia as opposed to amboid action
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| Flagella | used for motility in prokaryotes (1)
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| Flagella and cilia | used for motility in eukaryotes
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| Fimbriae and pilli | used for motility in prokaryotes (2)
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| Internal membrane | found in all eukaryotes but only in prokaryote organisms that undergo photosynthesis; allows for specialised environments to exist within organelles; allows for different functions to operate under different conditions (e.g. pH)
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| Cytoskeleton | protective layer found only in eukaryotes; composed of protein filaments
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| Cell wall | made of peptidoglycan in bacteria (thick in gram positive, thin in gram negative); made of pseudopeptidoglycan or polysaccharides or glycoprotein in Archaea bacteria
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| Binary fusion | asexual reproduction found in prokaryotic organsims
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| Mitosis and/or meiosis | asexual and sexual reproduction found in eukaryotic cells
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| Capsule or slime layer | external layer of prokaryotic cells
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| Pellicle or shell | external layer of certain parasites
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| Cell theory | all living things are made up of cells and these arrive through the division of pre-existing cells
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| Nucleolus, histomes, lysosomes, Golgi, ER, mitotic spindles | organelles only found in eukaryotes
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| Plasma membrane | found in eukaryotes and prokaryotes, contains sterols in eukaryotes
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| Electron microscope imaging | the only tool that can reveal subcellular details of a cell; involves elaborative preparation and can only be used to dead cells; e.g. TEM and SEM
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| Transmission electron microscope (TEM) | used to look inside a (electrons go through the specimen)
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| Scanning electron microscope (SEM) | used to look at the surface of a cell (electrons scatter off cell surface by heavy metal coating)
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| Limitations on the maximum size of a cell | diffusion over 50 micro meters is no longer efficient; surface area to volume needs to be considered; distance from nucleus to periphery influences movement of intermediates, waste products and nutrients
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| Flick's law | rate of diffusion proportional to (SA x concentration^n difference)/ distance
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| Solutions to Flick's law | thin processes (directed transport of substances around cell cytoskeleton e.g. neurones, oligodendrocytes); giant multinucleate cells (gene expression in more than one place, e.g. skeletal muscle cells); gap junctions
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| Actin, microtubules, intermediate filaments | protein filaments that make up cytoskeleton; all contribute to mechanical strength, control shape, drive and guide movement of materials
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| Actin | thinnest protein filament in cytoskeleton (muscle)
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| Microtubules | thickest protein filament in cytoskeleton; pulls daughter cells apart
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| Intermediate filaments | give a cell its mechanical strength; protein filament in cytoskeleton
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| Cytosol | aqueous environment within the plasma membrane
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| Cytoplasm | cytosol + organelles
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| Nucleus (1) | largest organelle in the cell (diam. 3-10 micro metres)
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| Nucleus (2) | only organelle clearly visible by light microscopy
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| Nucleus (3) | contains genetic material that is packaged
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| Chromosome | organised DNA within the nucleus of a eukaryote
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| Chromatin | complex of DNA/histone and non-histone proteins; found in chromosomes
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| Nucleusomes | DNA wound around histones
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| 1.8m | length of "naked" human DNA
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| 95mm | length of DNA packaged into nucleosomes
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| 120 micrometers | DNA condensed in mitosis
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| Nucleolus | where rDNA is transcribed and ribosome subunits assembled
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| Nuclear envelope | surrounded by two layers of membrane, contains nucleus
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| Nuclear pores | allows transport in and out of nucleus
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| Smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum | organelles that function in secretion; found in ECs
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| Smooth ER | involved in the biosynthesis of lipids, steroids; metabolise carbohydrates/steroids
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| Rough ER | coated with ribosomes which are the sites of translation ie protein production/ secretion or insertion into cell membrane; proteins are folded hear and vesicles are bundled and transported to Golgi
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| Golgi body (1) | 4-8 closely-stacked, membrane-bound channels; modifies proteins delivered from RER by adding sugar or lipid side-chains (example); synthesises or packages materials to be secreted
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| Golgi body (2) | transports lipids around the cell; directs proteins to their correct compartment ; creates lysosomes
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| Secretory vesicles | bud off from the Golgi; fuse with the inner surface of the plasma membrane and release in their contents via exocytosis (inc. hormones, neurotransmitters); used to ID Golgi bodies under a microscope
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| Lysosomes (1) | type of vesicle; electro-dense spheres (80-800 nm diam.); protein, RNA and DNA degradation/recycle/excrete
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| Lysosomes (2) | powerful enzymes that require low pH; their proteins are tagged with mannose -6- phosphate; appear dark under staining
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| Peroxisomes | large (0.5-1.5 micro meter) vesicles; not very electron dense; detox; phospholipid synthesis; enzymes which generate and degrade H202; do not appear as dark as lysosomes when stained
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| Zellweger Syndrome | inherited absence of peroxisomes
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| Mitochondria (1) | organelles highly involved with metabolic activity; their number per cell reflects metabolic activity; oxidises sugars to generate ATP (Krebs cycle)
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| Mitochondria (2) | organelle which contains its own DNA which encodes some of its own proteins
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| Cristae | inner membrane folds of mitochondria which increase the sugar area of the organelle
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| Kerbs cycle enzymes | located on different parts of the cristae
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| Myoclonic Epilepsy with Ragged Red Fibres (MERRF syndrome) | organelle disease; mutation of mitochondrial gene for tRNA-lys; disrupts synthesis of oxidate phosphorylation enzymes
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| Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria | organelle disease; mutation in lamin A of nuclear envelope; distorted shape of nucleus (blebbed); production of unique progerin protein as opposed to lamin A;
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| Tay Sachs Disease | mutation of lysosomal hexosaminidase-A enzyme; causes accumulation of ganglioside that neurotoxic; causes a progressive deterioration of nerve cells and of mental and physical abilities from 6 months
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