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Cells and Organelles
Phase 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cells (1) | the basis of all living things |
| Higher level organisms | composed by "communities of cells" |
| Individualised cells | cells of specialised function within "communities" which makes up higher level organisms |
| Cells (2) | semi-independent, living unit within living things; completely independent in unicellular organisms; in which are cited mechanisms for metabolism, growth and replication (via division) |
| Basic cellular composition | an aqueous solution of organic molecules surrounded by a membrane |
| Organelle | a subunit within a cell; defined structure; usually bounded by membranes |
| Ribosome | an un-bounded organelle |
| Tissue | an organised assembly of cells and their extracellular products; this assembly of cells carry out similar and coordinated activities within the body |
| Connective, lympoid | examples of tissue; assembled cells with similar functions |
| Organ | an assembly of tissues coordinated to perform specific functions within the body |
| Eye, ear, heart, lungs, liver | examples of organs |
| Prokaryote (1) | a single-celled organism in which the chromosome is a circular strand lying free in the cell and has no membranous organelles |
| Prokaryote (2) | a single-celled organism that contains no nucleus and no membranous organelles |
| Eukaryote (1) | a single or multi-celled organism in which the chromosomes are enclosed in the nucleus; typically have cytoplasmic, membrane-bound organelles; |
| Eukaryote (2) | single or multi-celled organisms where DNA is divided into a series of linear chromosomes and considerable differences occur between cells within the same organism |
| Eukaryote (3) | plants, fungi, animals, protozoa, algae |
| Virus (1) | an assemblage of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and proteins along with other molecules which is parasitic of prokaryotes/eukaryotes; not cells or organisms |
| Nucleic acid and proteins | major components of a virus |
| Virus (2) | invade cells, subvert their protein synthesis to make more of themselves instead of normal cell proteins, then escape to infect other cells |
| Virus (3) | lacks a plasma membrane and only operates chemically within a host cell |
| 0.2-2.0 micro m | diametre of a prokaryotic cell |
| 10-100 micro m | diametre of a eukaryotic cell |
| ER, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts | eukaryotic organelles that contain phospholipid membranes |
| 9+2 | arrangement of microtubules in flagella and cilia as opposed to amboid action |
| Flagella | used for motility in prokaryotes (1) |
| Flagella and cilia | used for motility in eukaryotes |
| Fimbriae and pilli | used for motility in prokaryotes (2) |
| Internal membrane | found in all eukaryotes but only in prokaryote organisms that undergo photosynthesis; allows for specialised environments to exist within organelles; allows for different functions to operate under different conditions (e.g. pH) |
| Cytoskeleton | protective layer found only in eukaryotes; composed of protein filaments |
| Cell wall | made of peptidoglycan in bacteria (thick in gram positive, thin in gram negative); made of pseudopeptidoglycan or polysaccharides or glycoprotein in Archaea bacteria |
| Binary fusion | asexual reproduction found in prokaryotic organsims |
| Mitosis and/or meiosis | asexual and sexual reproduction found in eukaryotic cells |
| Capsule or slime layer | external layer of prokaryotic cells |
| Pellicle or shell | external layer of certain parasites |
| Cell theory | all living things are made up of cells and these arrive through the division of pre-existing cells |
| Nucleolus, histomes, lysosomes, Golgi, ER, mitotic spindles | organelles only found in eukaryotes |
| Plasma membrane | found in eukaryotes and prokaryotes, contains sterols in eukaryotes |
| Electron microscope imaging | the only tool that can reveal subcellular details of a cell; involves elaborative preparation and can only be used to dead cells; e.g. TEM and SEM |
| Transmission electron microscope (TEM) | used to look inside a (electrons go through the specimen) |
| Scanning electron microscope (SEM) | used to look at the surface of a cell (electrons scatter off cell surface by heavy metal coating) |
| Limitations on the maximum size of a cell | diffusion over 50 micro meters is no longer efficient; surface area to volume needs to be considered; distance from nucleus to periphery influences movement of intermediates, waste products and nutrients |
| Flick's law | rate of diffusion proportional to (SA x concentration^n difference)/ distance |
| Solutions to Flick's law | thin processes (directed transport of substances around cell cytoskeleton e.g. neurones, oligodendrocytes); giant multinucleate cells (gene expression in more than one place, e.g. skeletal muscle cells); gap junctions |
| Actin, microtubules, intermediate filaments | protein filaments that make up cytoskeleton; all contribute to mechanical strength, control shape, drive and guide movement of materials |
| Actin | thinnest protein filament in cytoskeleton (muscle) |
| Microtubules | thickest protein filament in cytoskeleton; pulls daughter cells apart |
| Intermediate filaments | give a cell its mechanical strength; protein filament in cytoskeleton |
| Cytosol | aqueous environment within the plasma membrane |
| Cytoplasm | cytosol + organelles |
| Nucleus (1) | largest organelle in the cell (diam. 3-10 micro metres) |
| Nucleus (2) | only organelle clearly visible by light microscopy |
| Nucleus (3) | contains genetic material that is packaged |
| Chromosome | organised DNA within the nucleus of a eukaryote |
| Chromatin | complex of DNA/histone and non-histone proteins; found in chromosomes |
| Nucleusomes | DNA wound around histones |
| 1.8m | length of "naked" human DNA |
| 95mm | length of DNA packaged into nucleosomes |
| 120 micrometers | DNA condensed in mitosis |
| Nucleolus | where rDNA is transcribed and ribosome subunits assembled |
| Nuclear envelope | surrounded by two layers of membrane, contains nucleus |
| Nuclear pores | allows transport in and out of nucleus |
| Smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum | organelles that function in secretion; found in ECs |
| Smooth ER | involved in the biosynthesis of lipids, steroids; metabolise carbohydrates/steroids |
| Rough ER | coated with ribosomes which are the sites of translation ie protein production/ secretion or insertion into cell membrane; proteins are folded hear and vesicles are bundled and transported to Golgi |
| Golgi body (1) | 4-8 closely-stacked, membrane-bound channels; modifies proteins delivered from RER by adding sugar or lipid side-chains (example); synthesises or packages materials to be secreted |
| Golgi body (2) | transports lipids around the cell; directs proteins to their correct compartment ; creates lysosomes |
| Secretory vesicles | bud off from the Golgi; fuse with the inner surface of the plasma membrane and release in their contents via exocytosis (inc. hormones, neurotransmitters); used to ID Golgi bodies under a microscope |
| Lysosomes (1) | type of vesicle; electro-dense spheres (80-800 nm diam.); protein, RNA and DNA degradation/recycle/excrete |
| Lysosomes (2) | powerful enzymes that require low pH; their proteins are tagged with mannose -6- phosphate; appear dark under staining |
| Peroxisomes | large (0.5-1.5 micro meter) vesicles; not very electron dense; detox; phospholipid synthesis; enzymes which generate and degrade H202; do not appear as dark as lysosomes when stained |
| Zellweger Syndrome | inherited absence of peroxisomes |
| Mitochondria (1) | organelles highly involved with metabolic activity; their number per cell reflects metabolic activity; oxidises sugars to generate ATP (Krebs cycle) |
| Mitochondria (2) | organelle which contains its own DNA which encodes some of its own proteins |
| Cristae | inner membrane folds of mitochondria which increase the sugar area of the organelle |
| Kerbs cycle enzymes | located on different parts of the cristae |
| Myoclonic Epilepsy with Ragged Red Fibres (MERRF syndrome) | organelle disease; mutation of mitochondrial gene for tRNA-lys; disrupts synthesis of oxidate phosphorylation enzymes |
| Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria | organelle disease; mutation in lamin A of nuclear envelope; distorted shape of nucleus (blebbed); production of unique progerin protein as opposed to lamin A; |
| Tay Sachs Disease | mutation of lysosomal hexosaminidase-A enzyme; causes accumulation of ganglioside that neurotoxic; causes a progressive deterioration of nerve cells and of mental and physical abilities from 6 months |
Created by:
emmaallde
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