APHG Unit 1 Vocab
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| Fieldwork | The study of geographic phenomena by visiting places and observing how people interact with and thereby change those places.
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| Human geography | branch of geography that studies patterns and procceses that shape human interaction the environment and human activity on Earth
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| Globalization | international integration arising from the interaction of world views, products, ideas and other aspects of culture
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| Physical geography | study of Earth's physical features on the surface
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| Spatial | of or relating to space
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| Spatial distribution | arrangement of something (ie. Bus stop locations, etc.) across the Earth's surface)
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| Medical geography | study of how local events and climate affect health
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| Pandemics | global disase outbreak, over large regions
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| Epidemics | widespread occurrence of a disease at a particular time in a community
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| Spatial perspectives | a concentration of where something/someone is
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| 5 themes of geography | location, movement, region, place, and human environmental interaction
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| Location | particular place of position
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| Location theory | addresses what economic activities are located where and why
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| Human Environmental Interaction | interactions between the human social system and the ecosystem.
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| Place | an area that is defined by everything in it
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| Region | area that is defined by similar characteristics
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| Sense of place | combinatin of characteristics that a place special and unique
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| Perception of places | perception of places is when humans feel and experience a place
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| Movement | the way people, products, information, and ideas move from one place to another
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| Spatial interactions | the way geographers look at things in relation to space
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| Landscape | geographic feautures of a region
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| Cultural landscape | human interaction with an environment shapes cultural landscape
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| Sequent occupance | theory that place is occupied by different people and each group leaves something from which the next group learns
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| Cartography | map-making
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| Reference maps | emphasizes the geographic location of feautres
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| Thematic maps | maps on a specific subject
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| Absolute location | a location of latitude and longistude in a Cartesian coordinate grid
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| GPS | a system that uses a series of satellites to pinpoint your location (gathers information)
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| Relative location | the location of something in relation to landmarks of other locations
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| Mental maps | maps created purely from the mind and personal perspective of a location
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| Activity spaces | the places we travel routinely in our rounds of daily activity
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| Generalized maps | the process of selecting and representing information on a map in a way that adapts to the scale of the display medium of the map.
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| Remote sensing | a method of collecting data or information through the use of instruments that are physically distant from the area or object of study.
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| Geographic Information System (GIS) | a collectin of computer hardware and software that permits spatial data to be collected, recorded, stored, retrieved, manipulated, analyzed, and displayed to the user
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| Scale | territorial extent of something
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| Functional region | defined by a set of social, political, or economic activities or the interactions that occur within it.
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| Formal region | defined by a commonality, typically a cultural linkage or a physical characteristic.
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| Perceptual region | ideas in our minds, based on accumulated knowledge of places and regions, that define an area of “sameness” or “connectedness.”
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| Culture | The body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute a group of people's distinct tradition
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| Cultural trait | a single element of normal pracitce in a culture, such as the wearing of turbans
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| Cultural complex | a related set of cultural traits, such as prevailing dress codes and cooking and eating utensils.
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| Cultural hearth | heartland, source area, innovation center, place of origin of a major culture.
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| Cultural diffusion | the expansion and adaption of a cultural element, from its place of origin to a wider area
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| Independent invention | the term for a trait with many cultural hearths that developed independent of each other.
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| Time-distance decay | the declining degree of acceptance of an idea or innovation with increasing time and distance from its place or origing to a wider area.
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| Cultural barriers | pervailing cultural attitude rendering certain innovations, ideas or practices unacceptable or unadoptable in the particular culture.
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| Expansion diffusion | The spread of an innovation or an idea through a population in an area in such a way that the number of those influenced grows continuously larger, resulting in an expanding area of dissemination
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| Contagious diffusion | the distance-controlled spreading of an idea, innovation, or some other item through a local population by contract from person to person-analogoes to the communication of a contagious illness
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| Hierarchical diffusion | a form of diffusion in which an idea or innovation spreads by passing first among the most connected plaes or peoples.
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| Stimulus diffusion | a form of diffusion in which a cultural adaption is created as a result of the introduction of a cultural trait from another place.
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| Relocation diffusion | sequential diffusion process in which the items being diffused are transmitted by their carrier agents as they evacuate the old areas and relocate to new ones.
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| Environmental determinism | the view that the natural environment has a controlling influence over various aspects of human life, including cultural development, also referred to as envrionmentalism.
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| Isotherms | line on map connecting points of equal temperature values
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| Possibilism | geographic viewpoint- a response to determinism- that holds that human decesion making, not the environment, is the crucial factor in cultural development.
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| Cultural ecology | the multiple interactions and relationships between a culture and the natural environment.
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| Political ecology | an approach to studying nature-society relations that is concerned with the ways in which environmental issues both reflect, and are the result of, the political and socioeconomic contexts in which they are situated.
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