Introduction to AP Human Geography
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| sequent occupance | refers to the idea that as occupiers arrived they bring their own technology & culture traditions and transform the landscape but they can also be influenced by what they find when they arrive and leave some of it there (concept-Derwent Whittlesey, 1929)
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| cartography | study of maps/map making
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| reference maps | show location of places and geographic features
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| thematic maps | tell stories, usually showing the degree of some attribute or movement of a geographic phenomenon
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| absolute location | latitude/longitude, coordinates, an exact location
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| relative location | describes where a place is in relation to another place
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| global positioning system (GPS) | allows us to locate things on the surface of the earth with extraordinary accuracy; researchers can collect data quickly and easily in the field
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| geocaching | a hunt for cache whose coordinates are placed on the internet by other geocachers
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| mental maps | the maps we carry in our minds of places we have been and places we have merely heard of (ex. a mental map of your house, park, school, church, public, etc)
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| activity spaces | those places we travel to routinely in our rounds of daily activity (ex. Miss O's classroom, the gym, the cafeteria, your kitchen, the bus/bus stop, clock tower...)
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| generalize/generalized maps | not entirely specific, the word precipitation uses the main annual precipitation received around the world. a map that does not use specific information
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| remote sensing | geographers monitor the earth's surface from a distance to understand the scope and rate of environmental change over short and long periods of time by satellites and aircraft (airplanes, balloons)
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| geographic information systems (GIS) | geographers use this advancement in computer technology and data storage to compare a variety of spatial data by combining layers of spatial data in a computerized environment, creating maps in which patterns and processes are superimposed
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| formal region | a physical criteria of an area and can also be defined by cultural traits (the people share one or more cultural traits--food, belief systems, dress, dances, hair styles, languages, etc.)
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| functional region | the product of interactions of movement of various kinds
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| perceptual regions | intellectual constructs designed to help us understand the nature and distribution of phenomena in human geography
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| culture | refers to music, literature, and the arts of a society, and all other features of its ways of life, dress, routine living habits, food, architecture, education, government, law, even agricultural practices
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| cultural trait | a single attribute or characteristic of a culture
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| culture complex | more than one culture may exhibit a cultural trait, but each will consist of a discrete combination of traits
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| cultural hearth | an area where cultural traits develop and from which the cultural traits diffuse
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| independent invention | the term for a trait with many hearths that developed independent of each other
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| culture diffusion | process where something spreads--an idea or innovation from its hearth to other places
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| time-distance decay | both time and distance can cause something not to be adopted the longer it takes to reach its potentials adopters. the farther a place is from the hearth or longer the idea takes to get there, the less likely it will be adopted
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| cultural barriers | some cultural traits are not adoptable in particular cultures because of prevailing attitudes or taboos
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| expansion diffusion | an idea that develops in a hearth and remains strong there while spreading outward, moves without people physically moving to be "knowers" of the trait/innovation
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| relocation diffusion | the opposite of expansion diffusion where the actual movement movement of individuals who have already adopted the idea or innovation carry it to a new, sometimes distant local, where they proceed to disseminate it, usually occurs through migration
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| contagious diffusion | a type of expansion diffusion in which nearly all adjacent individuals are affected
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| hierarchical diffusion | a pattern where the main channel of diffusion is some segment, level, or step of those who might adopt what is diffusing
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| stimulous determinism | belief that behavior (individual & collective) is affected, controlled, or determined by physical envrionment people live in
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| possiblism | belief of the natural environment only limits choices available to a culture
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| cultural ecology | an area of inquiry concerned with culture as a system of adaptation to environment
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| political ecology | an area of inquiryfundamentally concerned with the environmental consequences of dominant political-economic arrangements and understandings
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