HES 403- Exam 1
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
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| What metabolite changes the most relative to rest up to 90% VO2 max? | Pi
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| Propranolol | blocks CNS, beta adrenergic receptors on heart; slows heart rate
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| All exercise science research traces back to what? | Harvard fatigue laboratory
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| Bergstrom needles | muscle biopsy; limited invasiveness
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| 1st law of thermodynamics | energy is not created or destroyed
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| 2nd law of thermodynamics | concentration of energy always proceeds to increased entropy
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| It’s impossible to convert a given amount of ____ into a given amount of ___ | heat; work
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| Free energy is measured in | kJ/mol
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| Enthalpy is measured in | joules
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| Entropy is measured in | J/K
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| 3 types of kinetic energy | thermal, radiant, electrical
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| 3 types of potential energy | bond, chemical, electrical
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| what helps with hypernation? | brown adipose tissue
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| DNP | weight loss; uncoupler
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| Trauma RMR | 8-10x normal
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| Child RMR | 2x that of adults
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| Free energy change STPD of ATP hydrolysis | -7.3 kcal/mol
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| Free energy change physiological of ATP hydrolysis | -14 kcal/mol (average)
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| Free energy change CP->C +P | -10.3 kcal/mol
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| BTPS | body temperature/pressure, saturated
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| 3 examples of high entropy | water 0C, random letters, denatured protein
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| 3 examples of low entropy | ice 0C, words, native proteins
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| STP conditions | 1M, pH 7.0, 0C
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| Where is glycerol phosphate used? | triglyceride synthesis
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| 3 stages of metabolism | digestion/absortion/assimilation; degradation of acetyl coA, oxidation of acetyl coA to CO2 and H2O
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| PCr pathway enzyme | creatine kinase
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| Muscle PCr rest vs fatigue | 25 vs. 3
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| Muscle ATP rest vs fatigue | 5-8 vs. 4-6 (stable)
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| Muscle Pi rest vs. fatigue | 3 vs. 24
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| Change in AMP and Pi 90% VO2 max | 700-800%
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| Biggest -> smallest change relative to rest metabolites | Pi, AMP, ADP, CP, ATP
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| Glycolysis aka (2) | lactic acid cycle ☹, Embden-Meyerhof
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| Pyruvate kinase regulation | - acetyl coA, FA, ATP; + fructose 1,6 bisphosphate
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| PFK regulation | -ATP, H+, citrate; +ADP
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| Mitochondria are actually | a reticular network
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| What enzyme is 98% efficient? | ATP synthase
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| 3 isoforms of hexokinase | brain= lowest Km, muscle=intermediate, liver=highest
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| allosteric = ___ sensing | fuel (fast, equilibrium)
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| covalent= ____sensing | hormone (more permanent)
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| Apollo 13 | CO2 scrubbing unit (hypercapnia)
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| Mice died when 1/14 of air consumed, why? | too much CO2, still a lot of O2 left
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| Percent O2 in the atmosphere | 21%
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| RER vs RQ | RQ taken at tissue, RER at lungs
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| RQ peaks at | 1
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| RER peaks at | about 1.2
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| BMR vs. RMR | basal (minimum), resting (daily activity)
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| TEE | total energy expenditure
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| REE | resting energy expenditure (same as RMR)
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| AEE/ EEPA | activity energy expenditure, energy expenditure physical activity
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| NEAT | non-exercise activity thermogenesis
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| TEF/DIT | thermic effect of feeding; diet induced thermogenesis
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| How does insulin affect REE? | increases it
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| 1 kcal=how many joules? | 4.185
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| use of carbon-13 | infused and traced to determine distribution/movement
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| use of doubly labeled water | rate at which leaves body and how much energy expended
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| FQ | food quotient; if in energy balance FQ=RQ
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| Oxygen consumption can increase | >20x
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| Heat production can increase | >20x
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| ATP demand can increase | >100x
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| Why is glycogen branched | so phosphorylase can work at each terminus (faster)
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| Regulation of glycogen breakdown | GPCR pathway, phosphorylated=active
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| Net ATP glycolysis when breaking down glycogen | 3 b/c starts at glucose 1-phosphate
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| What enzyme converts pyruvate to lactate? | lactate dehydrogenase
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| 3 major uses of lactate | recycles NAD+, fuel for heart, gluconeogenic precursor
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| glucose 6 phosphatase | breaks down G6P back to glucose; found in liver but NOT muscle
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| where is PDH located? | mitochondria
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| where is LDH located? | cytosol
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| lactic acid info | pKa= 3.87; 100% deprotonated at 6.0
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| why did we think lactic acid existed? | co-transporter; pH decreases as lactate increases
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| endurance exercise glycolysis enzymes | 25% improvement
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| endurance exercise glycogen | 2x storage
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| endurance exercise lactate clearance | increased substantially
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| why is the mitochondrial inner membrane folded? | to increase surface area
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| what are the mitochondrial IM folds called? | christae
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| mitochondrial genes | 37 total, 22 for tRNA
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| complex I | 46 subunits, 39 come from the nucleus
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| monocarboxylic transporters | both lactate and pyruvate
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| what happens if you eat right before exercise? |
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| how many potential ATPs per turn? | 12
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| cytosolic NADHs are | “curve balls”
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| 3 fates of cytosolic NADH | ox phos, lactate, converted to FADH2
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| NADH made of | niacin
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| FADH2 made of | riboflavin
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| 4 things that increase in response to endurance training | glycogen storage, glycolytic enzymes, CAC enzymes, pyruvate/lactate transporters
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| product of de novo lipogenesis | palmitate
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| pancreatic lipase | breaks down diet triglycerides (then packaged into CM)
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| hormone sensitive lipase | breaks down TG in adipose tissue
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| lipolysis stimulated by | epinephrine and norepinephrine
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| how do fatty acids get inside mitochondria? | fatty acyl co-A, through CPT I and II
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| energy cost of activation of TG | -2 ATP
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| ATPs from beta oxidation | 5x ((#C/2)-1)
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| How many more ATPs per each 2 carbons on FAs? | 17
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| Lipid effects of endurance training (3) | more transporters, more TG storage in muscle, more sensitive lipolysis
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| FAT | fatty acid transporter
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| FABP | fatty acid binding protein (transporter)
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| Relative %s of H2O and protein | 70%, 15%
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| Anaplerosis | amino acid; nitrogen removed, carbons to Kreb’s cycle
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| Protein synthesis diagrams | must look at breakdown
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| Leucine oxidation vs. % VO2 max | directly proportional w/ very little variability
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| Protein RDA | 0.8g/kg/day
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| enzyme that coverts PEP to pyruvate | pyruvate kinase
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| enzyme that converts pyruvate into acetyl co-A | pyruvate dehydrogenase
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