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HES 403- Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What metabolite changes the most relative to rest up to 90% VO2 max? | Pi |
| Propranolol | blocks CNS, beta adrenergic receptors on heart; slows heart rate |
| All exercise science research traces back to what? | Harvard fatigue laboratory |
| Bergstrom needles | muscle biopsy; limited invasiveness |
| 1st law of thermodynamics | energy is not created or destroyed |
| 2nd law of thermodynamics | concentration of energy always proceeds to increased entropy |
| It’s impossible to convert a given amount of ____ into a given amount of ___ | heat; work |
| Free energy is measured in | kJ/mol |
| Enthalpy is measured in | joules |
| Entropy is measured in | J/K |
| 3 types of kinetic energy | thermal, radiant, electrical |
| 3 types of potential energy | bond, chemical, electrical |
| what helps with hypernation? | brown adipose tissue |
| DNP | weight loss; uncoupler |
| Trauma RMR | 8-10x normal |
| Child RMR | 2x that of adults |
| Free energy change STPD of ATP hydrolysis | -7.3 kcal/mol |
| Free energy change physiological of ATP hydrolysis | -14 kcal/mol (average) |
| Free energy change CP->C +P | -10.3 kcal/mol |
| BTPS | body temperature/pressure, saturated |
| 3 examples of high entropy | water 0C, random letters, denatured protein |
| 3 examples of low entropy | ice 0C, words, native proteins |
| STP conditions | 1M, pH 7.0, 0C |
| Where is glycerol phosphate used? | triglyceride synthesis |
| 3 stages of metabolism | digestion/absortion/assimilation; degradation of acetyl coA, oxidation of acetyl coA to CO2 and H2O |
| PCr pathway enzyme | creatine kinase |
| Muscle PCr rest vs fatigue | 25 vs. 3 |
| Muscle ATP rest vs fatigue | 5-8 vs. 4-6 (stable) |
| Muscle Pi rest vs. fatigue | 3 vs. 24 |
| Change in AMP and Pi 90% VO2 max | 700-800% |
| Biggest -> smallest change relative to rest metabolites | Pi, AMP, ADP, CP, ATP |
| Glycolysis aka (2) | lactic acid cycle ☹, Embden-Meyerhof |
| Pyruvate kinase regulation | - acetyl coA, FA, ATP; + fructose 1,6 bisphosphate |
| PFK regulation | -ATP, H+, citrate; +ADP |
| Mitochondria are actually | a reticular network |
| What enzyme is 98% efficient? | ATP synthase |
| 3 isoforms of hexokinase | brain= lowest Km, muscle=intermediate, liver=highest |
| allosteric = ___ sensing | fuel (fast, equilibrium) |
| covalent= ____sensing | hormone (more permanent) |
| Apollo 13 | CO2 scrubbing unit (hypercapnia) |
| Mice died when 1/14 of air consumed, why? | too much CO2, still a lot of O2 left |
| Percent O2 in the atmosphere | 21% |
| RER vs RQ | RQ taken at tissue, RER at lungs |
| RQ peaks at | 1 |
| RER peaks at | about 1.2 |
| BMR vs. RMR | basal (minimum), resting (daily activity) |
| TEE | total energy expenditure |
| REE | resting energy expenditure (same as RMR) |
| AEE/ EEPA | activity energy expenditure, energy expenditure physical activity |
| NEAT | non-exercise activity thermogenesis |
| TEF/DIT | thermic effect of feeding; diet induced thermogenesis |
| How does insulin affect REE? | increases it |
| 1 kcal=how many joules? | 4.185 |
| use of carbon-13 | infused and traced to determine distribution/movement |
| use of doubly labeled water | rate at which leaves body and how much energy expended |
| FQ | food quotient; if in energy balance FQ=RQ |
| Oxygen consumption can increase | >20x |
| Heat production can increase | >20x |
| ATP demand can increase | >100x |
| Why is glycogen branched | so phosphorylase can work at each terminus (faster) |
| Regulation of glycogen breakdown | GPCR pathway, phosphorylated=active |
| Net ATP glycolysis when breaking down glycogen | 3 b/c starts at glucose 1-phosphate |
| What enzyme converts pyruvate to lactate? | lactate dehydrogenase |
| 3 major uses of lactate | recycles NAD+, fuel for heart, gluconeogenic precursor |
| glucose 6 phosphatase | breaks down G6P back to glucose; found in liver but NOT muscle |
| where is PDH located? | mitochondria |
| where is LDH located? | cytosol |
| lactic acid info | pKa= 3.87; 100% deprotonated at 6.0 |
| why did we think lactic acid existed? | co-transporter; pH decreases as lactate increases |
| endurance exercise glycolysis enzymes | 25% improvement |
| endurance exercise glycogen | 2x storage |
| endurance exercise lactate clearance | increased substantially |
| why is the mitochondrial inner membrane folded? | to increase surface area |
| what are the mitochondrial IM folds called? | christae |
| mitochondrial genes | 37 total, 22 for tRNA |
| complex I | 46 subunits, 39 come from the nucleus |
| monocarboxylic transporters | both lactate and pyruvate |
| what happens if you eat right before exercise? | |
| how many potential ATPs per turn? | 12 |
| cytosolic NADHs are | “curve balls” |
| 3 fates of cytosolic NADH | ox phos, lactate, converted to FADH2 |
| NADH made of | niacin |
| FADH2 made of | riboflavin |
| 4 things that increase in response to endurance training | glycogen storage, glycolytic enzymes, CAC enzymes, pyruvate/lactate transporters |
| product of de novo lipogenesis | palmitate |
| pancreatic lipase | breaks down diet triglycerides (then packaged into CM) |
| hormone sensitive lipase | breaks down TG in adipose tissue |
| lipolysis stimulated by | epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| how do fatty acids get inside mitochondria? | fatty acyl co-A, through CPT I and II |
| energy cost of activation of TG | -2 ATP |
| ATPs from beta oxidation | 5x ((#C/2)-1) |
| How many more ATPs per each 2 carbons on FAs? | 17 |
| Lipid effects of endurance training (3) | more transporters, more TG storage in muscle, more sensitive lipolysis |
| FAT | fatty acid transporter |
| FABP | fatty acid binding protein (transporter) |
| Relative %s of H2O and protein | 70%, 15% |
| Anaplerosis | amino acid; nitrogen removed, carbons to Kreb’s cycle |
| Protein synthesis diagrams | must look at breakdown |
| Leucine oxidation vs. % VO2 max | directly proportional w/ very little variability |
| Protein RDA | 0.8g/kg/day |
| enzyme that coverts PEP to pyruvate | pyruvate kinase |
| enzyme that converts pyruvate into acetyl co-A | pyruvate dehydrogenase |
Created by:
melaniebeale
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