Chapter 6 Muscles
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| Contractility | the ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force
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| Excitability | the capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus
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| Extensibility | the ability to be stretched
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| Elasticity | ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched
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| Epimysium | connective tissue sheath
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| Fascia | connective tissue located outside the epimysium, it surrounds and separates muscles
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| Perimysium | loose connective tissue
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| Fibers | fasciculi are composed of single muscle cells
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| Endomysium | fibers surrounded by a connective tissue stealth
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| myofibrils | a threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other
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| actin myofilaments | type of protein fiber, they resemble 2 minute strands of pearls twisted together
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| myosin myofilaments | thick myofilaments
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| sarcomeres | actin and myosin myofilaments from highly ordered units
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| resting membrane potential | charge across membrane
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| action potential | the brief reversal back of the charge
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| motor neurons | nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers
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| neuromuscular junction | each branch that connects to the muscle
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| synapse | near the center of the cell
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| motor unit | a single motor neuron and all skeletal muscle fibers it innervates
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| presynaptic terminal | the enlarged nerve terminal
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| synaptic cleft | the space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell
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| postsynaptic terminal | muscle fiber in the between the presynaptic terminal
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| synaptic vesicles | each presynaptic terminal contains this
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| acetylcholine | that secrete neurotransmitter
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| acetylcholinesterase | it's released into the synaptic cleft between the neuron and muscle cell is rapidly broken down by enzymes
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| sliding filament mechanism | sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction
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| muscle twitch | a contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more fibers
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| threshold | a muscle fiber that will not respond to stimulus reaches a level
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| all-or-none response | threshold phenonmenon
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| lag phase | the time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction
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| contraction phase | the time of contraction the time during which
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| relaxation phase | time during which the muscle relaxes
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| tetany | where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing
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| recruitment | the increase in the number of motor units being activated
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| ATP (adenosine triphosphate) | needed for energy for muscle contraction
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| ATP is produced by | mitochondria
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| ATP is short-lived and | unstable
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| It degenerates to the more stable ADP plus | Phosphate
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| creatine phosphate | can store high energy molecule
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| anaerobic respiration | without oxygen
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| aerobic respiration | with oxygen
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| oxygen debt | the amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose and to replenish the depleted stores of creatine phosphate stores in muscle cells
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| muscle fatigue | results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced
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| isometric | length of muscle does not change, but amount of tension increases during contraction process
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| isotonic | amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during contraction but the length of the muscle changes
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| muscle tone | constant tension produced by muscles of the body for a long period of time
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| fast-twitch fibers | contract quickly and fatigue quickly
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| slow-twitch fibers | contact more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue
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| origin (head) | most stationary end of the muscle
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| insertion | the end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement
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| belly | where the portion of muscle between the origin and the insertion
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| some muscles have | multiple origins or head
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| synergists | muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements
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| antagonists | muscles that work in opposition to one another
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| most muscles have names that are | descriptive
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| some muscles are named according to | location, size, orientation of fibers, shape, origin, insertion and function, etc.
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| occipitofrontalis | raises the eyebrows
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| orbicularis oculi | closes the eyelids and causes "crows feet" wrinkles in the skin at the lateral corners of the eye
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| orbicularis oris | puckers the lips
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| zygomaticus | smiling muscle
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| levator labii supererioris | sneering
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| 62 buccinator | flattens the cheeks
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| orbicularis oris and buccinator | kissing muscles
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| depressor anguli | frowning
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| intrinsic tongue muscle | change shape of tongue
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| extrinsic tongue muscle | move the tongue
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| sternocleidomastoid | lateral neck muscle and prime mover
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| erector spinae | group of muscle and prime mover.
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| external intercostals | elevate the ribs during inspiration
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| internal intercostals | contract during forced expiration
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| diaphragm | accomplishes quiet breathing
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| trapezius | rotates scapula
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| serratus anterior | pulls scapula anteriorly
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| pectoralis major | adducts and flexes the arm
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| latissimus dorsi | medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm
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