Muscles
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| Contractility | The ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force
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| Excitability | The capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus
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| Extensibility | The ability to be stretched
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| Elasticity | The ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched
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| Epimysium | Each skeletal muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath
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| Fascia | Another connective tissue located outside the epimysium. It surrounds and separates muscles
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| Perimysium | Loose connective tissue that surrounds the fasciculi
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| Myofibrils | A threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other
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| Fasciculi | Composed of numerous visible bundles
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| Actin myofilaments | Thin myofilaments. They resemble 2 minute strands of pearls twisted together
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| Myosin myofilaments | Thick myofilaments. They resemble bundles of minute golf clubs
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| Sarcomeres | Actin and myosin myofilaments form highly ordered units called
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| Actin & myosin myofilaments | 2 major kinds of protein fiber
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| Sarcomere | Basic structural and functional unity of the muscle
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| one Z-line disc to another | Each sarcomere extends from
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| A banded appearance | Arrangement of actin and myosin give
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| Actin | Each Z-line is an attachment for
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| Myosin | The A band extends the length of the
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| A band | Darker, central region in each sarcomere
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| H-Zone | Light area in the center. Consists of only myosin
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| M line | Myosin myofilaments are anchored in the center of the sarcomere at a dark staining band called
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| Positively charged | The outside of most cell membranes is
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| negatively charged | inside of the cell membranes
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| Resting membrane potential | The charge difference across the membrane is called
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| action potential | The brief reversal back of the charge
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| Motor neurons | nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers
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| Axons | enters the muscles and branch
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| neuromuscular junction | Each branch that connects to the muscle forms
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| synapse | Another word for neuromuscular junction
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| Motor unit | A single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates are called
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| neuromuscular junction | formed by an enlarged nerve terminal resting in an indentation of the muscle cell membrane
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| presynaptic terminal | enlarged nerve terminal
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| synaptic cleft | the space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell is the
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| postsynaptic terminal | muscle fiber is the
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| synaptic vesicles | secrete a neurotransmitter. Each presynaptic terminal contains one
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| Acetylcholine | neurotransmitter
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| Sarcolemma | The acetylcholine diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to receptor molecules in the muscle cell membrane
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| Acetylcholinesterase | the acetylcholine released into the synaptic cleft between the neuron and the muscle cell is rapidly broke down by an enzyme
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| sliding filament mechanism | the sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction
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| A Bands | do not change in length
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| H and I Bands | shorten
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| Muscle twitch | contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers
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| threshold | a muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus until that stimulus reaches a level called
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| all-or-none | phenomenon
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| lag phase | the time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction
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| contraction phrase | the time of contraction
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| relaxation phase | time during which the muscle relaxes
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| tetany | where the muscles remains contracted without relaxing
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| recruitment | the increase in number of motor units being activated
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| Adenosine triphosphate | ATP
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| ATP | needed for energy for muscle contraction
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| ATP | produced in the mitochondria
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| ATP | short-lived and unstable. It degenerates to the more stable
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| ADP | adenosine diphosphate
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| ADP | plus phosphate
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| creatine phosphate | Can't stockpile ATP but can store another high-energy molecule
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| Anaerobic respiration | without oxygen
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| aerobic respiration | with oxygen (more efficient)
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| oxygen debt | amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to covert lactic acid to glucose and to replenish the depleted stores of creatine phosphate stores in muscle cells
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| Muscle fatigue | occurs after exercising our muscles strenuously for a long time
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| Flexion | movement, generally in the sagittal plane, that decreases the angle of the joint and brings two bones close together
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| extension | opposite of flexion, so it is a movement that increase the angle, or the distance, between two bones or parts of the body
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| rotation | movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis
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| abduction | moving a limb away from the midline, or median plane, of the body
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| adduction | opposite of abduction, so it is the movement of a limb toward the body midline
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| circumduction | combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction commonly seen in ball-and-socket joints such as the shoulder
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| Frontalis | raises eyebrows
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| orbicularis oculi | blinks and closes eyes
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| orbicularis oris | closes and protrudes lips
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| temporalis | closes jaw
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| zygomaticus | raises corner of mouth
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| masseter | closes jaw
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| buccinators | compresses cheek as in whistling and sucking; holds food between teeth during chewing
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| sternocleidomastoid | flexes neck; rotates head
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| platysma | pulls corners of mouth inferiorly
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| pectoralis major | adducts and flexes humerus
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| rectus abdominis | flexes vertebral column
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| biceps brachii | flexes elbow and supinates forearm
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| triceps brachii | extends elbow
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| deltoid | abducts humerus
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| trapezius | extends neck and adducts scapula
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| latissimus dorsi | extends and adducts humerus
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| erector spinae | extends back
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| gluteus maximus | extends hip
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| soleus | plantar flexes foot
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Created by:
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