Industrial Revolution
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| Zollverein | a customs union among the separate German states to allow goods to move between these states without tariffs; supported by German journalist Friedrich List
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| "petite bourgeoisie" | small industrialists, merchants, and professional men who demanded stability and security from the government
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| proletariat | factory workers emerged as a new group in society and the fastest-growing social class
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| Friedrich Engels | middle class German, author of The Conditions of the Working Class in England, accusing the English middle classes and industrial capitalism as a whole of creating more poverty and murdering the working class
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| Poorhouses | people who didn't have jobs or couldn't provide for themselves, went to these places;conditions were often intentionally oppressive
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| power loom | a mechanised loom powered by a line shaft. The first power loom was designed in 1784 by Edmund Cartwright and first built in 1785.
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| heavy industry | an industry engaged in the large-scale complex manufacture of capital goods or extraction of raw materials
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| Henry Cort | was an English ironmaster. During the Industrial Revolution in England, Cort began refining iron from pig iron to wrought iron (or bar iron) using innovative production systems. In 1783 he patented the puddling process for refining iron ore
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| puddling furnace | a small reverberatory furnace in which iron is puddled
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| transportation revolution | a technological advance in the transportation system. It gave a new way for all new technological advances such as in farming and industry.
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| canals | an artificial waterway constructed to allow the passage of boats or ships inland or to convey water for irrigation.
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| water frame | Invented by richard Arkwright, a mill that ran off the power of streams and rivers
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| spinning mule | Invented by Samuel Crompton, combined the features of the spinning jenny and water frame
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| Agricultural Revolution | a period of transition into a more advanced and productive form of agriculture
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| Bank of England | Britain's effective central bank with issued uniform bank notes
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| Bubble Act | a act that allowed the creation of joint stock campaigns leading to monopolization
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| John McAdam, hard-surfaced roads | Equipped road beds with a layer of large stones for drainage. On top he placed a carefully smoothed layer of crushed rock.
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| Robert Fulton, steamboat | invented the first steamboat
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| George Stephenson, Rocket | Brit who built the first successful steam locomotive.
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| Crystal Palace | A cast-iron and glass building originally erected in Hyde Park, London, England, to house the Great Exhibition of 1851.
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| Credit Mobilier | A joint-stock company organized in 1863 and reorganized in 1867 to build the Union Pacific Railroad. It was involved in a scandal in 1872 in which high government officials were accused of accepting bribes.
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| Luddites | a member of any of the bands of English workers who destroyed machinery, especially in cotton and woolen mills, that they believed was threatening their job.
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| Combination Acts | An Act to prevent unlawful combinations of workman, prohibited trade unions and collective bargaining by British workers.
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| Robert Owen | A social reformer and one of the founders of utopian socialism and the cooperative movement.
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| Chartists | A person who uses charts of financial data to predict future trends and to guide investment strategies.
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| Sadler Committee | They investigated working conditions helped initiate legislation to improve conditions in factories.
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| Factory Act of 1833 | outlawed the employment of children under the age of nine in the textile mills; it also limited the workdays for those aged thirteen to eighteen to twelve hours
• prohibits kids and women from working underground
• first child labor law
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| Mines Act of 1842 | 1842 British law that eliminated the employment of children under 10 and all women in mines.
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| Poor Law of 1834 | required all able-bodied persons be housed together in workhouses but families were separated.Workhouse life was unpleasant so poor people would move on to regions of higher employment, workhouse system,hoped people would move to work
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| Manchester | A city in northwestern England.The Manchester Ship Canal (completed in 1894) affords access for oceangoing vessels.It was an important textile center from the mid-1800s until the 1930s.
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| Irish Potato Famine | 1845-1850 potato blight in Ireland which killed over 1 million and forced another 2 million to emigrate
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| Lowes Act | Allowed for limited liability for business owners
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| Navigation Acts | Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.
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| Corn Laws | Revised in 1815 these laws didn't allow for importing of cheap grain, this gave way to great anger towards the landed aristocracy who imposed them for their own good. Their repeal signified the end of dominance by the landed nobility
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| James Watt | Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819)
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| Steam engine | 1760's; James Watt; engine powered by steam that could pump water from mines 3X as quickly as previous engines
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| Commercial Revolution | a period of European economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism which lasted from approximately the 13th century until the early 18th century.
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| Proto-industrialization | possible phase in the development of modern industrial economies that preceded, and created conditions for, the establishment of fully industrial societies.
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| Cottage Industry | Merchant-capitalists provided raw materials to rural families who produced finished or semi-finished products and sent it back to he merchants for payments
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| Flying shuttle | the key developments in the industrialization of weaving. It allowed a single weaver to weave much wider fabrics, and it could be mechanized, allowing for automatic machine looms. It was patented by John Kay (1704–c. 1779) in 1733.
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| Spinning Jenny | a machine for spinning with more than one spindle at a time, patented by James Hargreaves in 1770.
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