Skeletal Muscles
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| Contractility | The ability to shorten with force
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| Excitability | Capacity to respond to a stimulus
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| Extensibility | Ability to be stretched
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| Elasticity | Recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched
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| Skeletal muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called what? | Epimysium
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| Fascia | Another connective tissue that surrounds and separates muscles
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| Fasciculi | Numerous visible bundles
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| Fasciculi are surrounded by loose connective tissue called what? | Perimysium
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| Fasciculi are composed of single muscle cells called what? | Fibers
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| Each fiber is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called what? | Endomysium
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| A threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other? | Myofibrils
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| Myofibrils consist of 2 major kinds of protein fibers. What are they? | Actin & Myosin
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| Define actin. | Thin myofilaments. They resemble 2 minute strands od pearls twisted together.
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| Define myosin. | Thick myofilaments. They resemble bundles of minute golf clubs
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| Actin an myosin myofilaments form highly ordered units called what? | Sarcomeres
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| Basic structural and functional unity of the muscle | Sarcomere.
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| .... joined end to end to form the myofibril. | Sarcomeres.
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| Muscles help to produce what? | Heat essential for maintenance of normal body temperature.
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| Each side of the Z line is a light area called what and consists of what? | I Band, and consists of actin.
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| The A band extends the what of the myosin? | The length.
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| In the center of each sarcomere is another light area called what and consists of what? | H band zone, and consists of only myosin.
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| Myosin myofilaments are anchored in the center of the sarcomere at a dark staining band called what? | The M line
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| The charge difference across the membrane is called what? | Resting Membrane Potential
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| An attachment site for actin? | Z line
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| The brief reversal back of the charge is called what? | Action potential
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| Nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers? | Motor Neurons
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| Each branch that connects to the muscle forms a what near the center of the cell? | Neuromuscular junction, or synapse
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| A single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates are called what? | Motor Unit
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| How is a neuromuscular junction formed? | By an enlarged nerve terminal resting in an indentation of the muscle cell membrane.
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| The enlarged terminal is called what? | Presynaptic terminal
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| Synaptic Cleft | Space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell
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| Postsynaptic Terminal | Muscle Fiber
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| Each presynaptic terminal contains synaptic vesicles that secrete a neurotransmitter called what? | Acetylcholine
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| The acetylcholine released into the synaptic cleft between the neuron and muscle cell is rapidly broken down by an enzymes | Acetylcholinesterase
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| Muscle contractions | Occurs as actin and myosin myofilaments slide past one another causing the sarcomeres to shorten
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| Sliding Filament Mechanism | The sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction
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| A contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers. | Muscle twitch
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| A muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus until that stimulus reaches a level called what? | Threshold
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| The phenomenon | All-or-none response
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| Lag phase | The time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction
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| Time of contraction | Contraction phase
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| The time during which the muscle relaxes | Relaxation phase
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| Tetany | Where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing
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| The increase in number of motor units being activated | Recruitment
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| Name 3 things about ATP | 1.) It's needed for energy for muscle contraction
2.) It's produced in the mitochondria
3.) It's short-lived and unstable
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| High-energy molecule | Creatine Phosphate
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| Anaerobic Respiration | Without Oxygen
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| Aerobic Respiration | With Oxygen
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| Oxygen Debt | The amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose and to replenish the depleted stores of creatine phosphate stores in muscle cells
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| Results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the muscle cells | Muscle Fatigue
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| 2 types of muscle contractions? | 1.) Isometric
2.) Isotonic
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| Isometric | The length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process
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| Isotonic | The amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during contraction, but the length of the muscle changes
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| Muscle tone refers to constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time | Muscle tone
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| Contracts quickly and fatigue quickly; well adapted to perform anaerobic metabolism | Fast-twitch fibers
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| Contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue; they are better suited for aerobic metabolism | Slow-twitch fibers
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| The most stationary end of the muscle | Origin (head)
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| The end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement | Insertion
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| The portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion | Belly
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| Synergists | Muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements
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| Antagonists | Muscles that work in opposition to one another
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| Among a group of synergists, if one muscle plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement, it is the what? | Prime Mover
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| Occipitofrontalis | Raises Eyebrows
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| Orbicularis Oculi | Closes Eyelid (Crows Feet)
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| Orbicularis Oris | Puckers the Lips
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| Buccinator | Flattens the Cheeks
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| Zygomaticus | Smiling
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| Levator Labii Superioris | Sneering
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| Depressor Anguli Oris | Frowning
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| Mastication | Chewing
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| 2 tongue muscles | 1.) Extrinsic
2.) Intrinsic
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| Extrinsic | Moves the tongue
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| Intrinsic | Changes the shape of the tongue
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| 2 Mastication muscles | Masseter and Temporalis
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| 2 Kissing Muscles | Buccinator and Orbicularis Oris
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