Respiratory
Help!
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| Yellow/Green Sputum | Bacterial
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| White/clear | Viral
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| Red/rust | CA, pneumonia, TB
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| Red currant jelly | Klebsiella pneumonia
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| pink, frothy | Pulmonary edema
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| Hemoptysis | bloody sputum; could be ca, tb, bronchitis, PE, etc
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| Muscles of inspiration | diaphragm, external intercostals
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| muscles of expiration | diaphragm, internal intercostals
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| accessory muscles of respiration | Sternocleidomastoid
scalens
trapezius
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| Pain fibers in lungs | visceral pleura
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| Tracheobronchial tree | division of the mainstem bronchi at around T4
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| Bronchus more prone to foreign body aspiration | Right mainstem;
it is wider, shorter and straighter
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| Respiration regulation | Primarily by CO2 levels (both rate and depth)
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| Chest pain not cardiac when: (5) | constant ache lasting all day
pain stays in one location
made worse with pressure on the precordium
very short, sharp pain lasting 1-2 seconds
Located in the shoulders or between the scapula in the back
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| Pack years | Number of years smoking X number of packs/day
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| Pectus excavatum | hollowed chest
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| Pectus Carinatum | Pigeon chest (puffed out)
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| Adult respiratory rate | 12-20
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| Tachypnea | respirations over 20
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| bradypnea | respirations under 12
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| Retractions | inward deviation of musculature and skin to overcome obstruction when intrapleural pressure becomes increasingly negative
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| Paradoxical breathing | thorax draws inward during inspiration
thorax moves outward on expiration
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| Dyspnea | difficult or labored breathing with shortness of breath
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| hypernea | hyperventilation (abnormally deep resipirations)
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| hyponea | abnormally shallow respirations
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| orthopnea | shortness of breath when lying down
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| platypnea | SOB when sitting upright
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| Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dypsnea | sudden SOB after a period of sleep. PND is usually helped by sitting up. (ask how many pillows)
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| Kussmaul | deep/rapid
associated with DKA
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| Cheyne-Stokes | Regular periodic patter of breathign with intervals of apnea followed by crescendo/decrescendo sequences
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| biot | irregular respirations varrying in depth with intervals of apnea
no repetitive pattern
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| ataxic | more severe form of biot
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| cyanosis | bluish coloration of the skin
often seen around lips and nails
caused by inadequate oxygenation of tissue
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| Crackles | aka rales
brief, intermittent and nonmusical. heard mostly on inspiration
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| wheeze | continuous, high-pitched, musical
loudest in inspiration
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| rhonchi | deeper, rumbling, and more pronounced during expiration than crackles
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| friction rub | outside respiratory tree, dry cracky, grating, low pitched.
both inspiration and expiration
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| Apnea | absence of spontaneous respiration
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| crepitus | crackly or crinkly sensation
air in subcutaneous tissue
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| Bronchophony | vocal resonance test
greater clarity and increased loudness of spoken words (whisper heard clearly)
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| Egophony | intensity of spoken voice increased with nasal quality (e's -> a's)
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| Thorax of infants and small children | thinner, rounder chest
allows for bronchovesicular breath sounds to be heard thru the chest
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| Diaphragmatic Excursion | measure hwo much the diaphragm moves between inspiration and expiration
usually between 3-6 cm
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| Breathing in Pregnancy | ventilation is increased by breathing more deeply, NOT more frequently
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| Thorax in older adults | dorsal curve of spine more emphasized and tire more quickly
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| Pleural effusion | excess fluid that accumulates in the pleural cavity
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