Histology-Study of Tissues
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| epithelial tissue | covers body surfaces or tissues and lines body cavities in order to protect and control permeability, forms glands for secretion, gametes for reproduction, and some sensory tissues (smell, hearing, vision, touch)
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| general characteristics of epithelial tissue | closely packed cells with little or no interstitial material (cells are bound to eachother by cell junctions such as tight junctions,desmosomes, and gap junctions)cells are arranged in continuous sheets (single or multi-layered) polarity 1 free (apical) s
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| closely packed cells with little or no interstitial material is characteristic of... | epithelial tissue
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| cells are arranged in continous sheets single or multi-layered is characteristic of.. | epithelial tissue
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| polarity- 1 free (apical) side of cell faces an open area and the opposite surface (basal) lays on a non-living "basement membrane" is characteristic of... | epithelial tissue
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| avuscularity | no blood vessels
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| avuscularity is characteristic of... | epithelial tissue
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| high regenerative capacity is characteristic of.. | epithelial tissue
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| variety of shapes from flat (squamous) to columnar is characteristic of.. | epithelial tissue
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| simple squamous epithelium | single, falt layer as in tiled floorfound where rapid movement of materials across is important, endotheliummesothelium
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| endothelium | lines heart, blood and lymphatic vessels, forms capillary walls
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| mesothelium | lines thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities, covers organs within these cavities
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| simple cuboidal epithelium | appear as closely fitted polygons, function in secretion and absorption,
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| simple columnar epithelium | cells are rectangular with nuclei near basefunction in absorption and secretionfree surface is often modified with microvilli, cilia, or as goblet cells
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| simple squamous epithelium ex. | air sacs of lungs, filtering part of kidney
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| simple cuboidal epithelium ex. | lining kidney tubules, secreting parts of glands and their ducts
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| simple columnar epithelium ex. | lining the digestive tract from the stomach to rectum, upper respiratory tract, lining ventricle of brain
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| psudostratified columnar epithelium | appearance is that of multilayered tissue, but it is not-cells are different heights and nuclei vary in their levels, may be ciliated
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| pseudostratified columnar epithelium ex. | lines major portions of upper respiratory tract and certain ducts of male reproductive system
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| stratified squamous epiithelium | superficial layers, cells are flat deeper cells, vary from cuboidal to columnarfunctions in protective rolekeratinized (outer layer of cells is filled with the protei keratin which protects against heat, mocrobes, and chemicals, resistant to friction)non
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| stratified cuboidal epithelium | raregenerally only 2 layersfunctions for protection
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| stratified cuboidal epithelium | ducts of sweat glands, male urethra
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| stratified columnar epithelium | raresurface cells are columnar, underlying cells varyfunctions for protection and secretion
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| stratified columnar epitheium ex. | urethra, ducts of salivary glands, milk ducts in mammary glands
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| transitional epithelium | much like a stratified cuboidal epitheliumbasal cellsare cuboidal, surface cells are dome shaped or squamous liketissue can be stretched without pulling cells apart
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| transitional epithelium ex | lines the ureters, urinary bladder
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| glandular epithelium 2 types of glands | endocrine glandsexocrine glands
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| endocrine glands | secrete products into the blood stream
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| exocrine glands | secrete products into a duct or tube
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| serous glands | a watery solution contining enzymes
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| mucous glands | glycoproteins that hydrate and lubricate
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| mixed glands | serous and mucous (saliva)
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| holocrine | entire cell ruptures
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| holocrine ex | sebaceous (oil) glands of skin
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| apocrine | apex of cell is pinched off
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| apocrine ex. | mammary glands
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| merocrine | most common, secretion by exocytosis
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| merocrine ex. | pancreas, salivary, and sweat glands
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| unicellular | no duct is used (goblet cells)
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| multicellular-simple or compound | simple-duct is unbranched although secretory part might becompound-duct branches
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| simple multicellular | tubular (intestines, sweat)acinar-secretory part is rounded or flask-shaped (male reproductive tract, sebaceous (oil) glands)
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| compound multicellular | tubular (kidneys, liver, testes)acinar (pacreas)tubuloacinar (salivary)
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| connective tissue | most abundant tissue, found everywhere
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| function of connective tissue | binds, supports, strengthens other tissues, protects, insulates, compartmentalizes structures, transports (blood), immunity
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| general characteristics of connective tissue | vascularization varies from none to muchcells are widely scattered with a secreted non-living intercellular matrix found between them
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| matrix | may be fluid to firm to rigid
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| ground substance of matrix | glycosaminoglycans such as hyaluronic acid
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| fibers of matrix | collagenous, elastic, reticular
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| collagenous fibers | tough, white, thick bundle of fibers formed by many subunits wound together like a rope; flexible and strong
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| elastic | branched and wavy, yellow, made of protein elastin which gives it elastic properties
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| reticular | thin, a type of thin collagenous fibers, forms networks
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| cells in connective tissue | fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblastsform the ground substance and produce the fibers
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| other cell types in various c.t.'s | fibrocytes-mature formfat cells-adipocytesmesenchymal cells
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| non c.t. cells | macrophages-engulf debris and bacteriaplasma cells-form antibodiesmast cell-releases histamine which initiates inflammatory responses
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| types of connective tissues | embryonic, connective tissues proper
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| embryonic | mesenchyme (source of all other connective tissues), mucous connective tissue (located in the umbilical cord of a fetus)
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| connective tissue proper | more or less fluid matrix with all three types of fibers and many cell types scattered througout the matrix
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| loose connective tissues | areoloar-universal packing material, adipose, reticular
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| areoloar characteristics | semifluid ground substance, all 3 fiber types loosely arranged, most of the cell types listed
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| adipose (fat) | padding, cushions shock, insulator against heat loss, packing, filling and storage functions
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| adipose characteristics | store triglycerides which occupy majority of cell volumefound anywehre areolar tissues is located
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| reticular characteristics | forms framework of many organs, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrowanalogy is the honeycomb
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| dense connective tissues | much higher density of fibers and fewer cellsdense regular, dense irregular, elastic connective tissue
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| dense regular | collagenous fibers arranged in same directioncompose tendons and most ligaments
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| dense irregular | collagen fibers are interwoven to provide strengtrh in tissues pulled in different directionsmembranes around kidney, heart, liver, testes, deep fascia, periosteum, dermis of the skin
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| elastic connective tissues | elastic fibers outnumber collagenous fibersvery elastic in propertyvocal chords in larynx, walls of arteries, trachea, bronchial tubes, ligaments between vertebrae
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| supporting c.t.'s | cartilage, bone, membranes, muscle tissue, nervous tissue
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| cartilage characteristics | matrix more gel-like due to chondroitin sulfates dense collagenous and elastic fibers, no blood vessels, no nerve fiberscells are chondroblasts and chondrocytes and are found embedded in matrix in lacunae (spaces)
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| hyaline cartilage | flexibility and supportbluish-white, glossy fibrils dispersed, most abundant cartilage, found at joints of long bones, embryonic skeleton, helps form nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi
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| fibrocartilage | strength and rigiditycourse collagenous fibers make it rigidsymphysis of pubic and discs between vertebrae
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| elastic cartilage | strength and stretchnumerous elastic fibers make it very flexible, maintains shape of organs, epiglottis, external ear, auditory tubes
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| bone | intercellular matrix contains mineral salts (calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate) which makes it quite hardcells (osteoblasts and osteocytes) are in lacunae which are often arranged in concentric layers called lamellae
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| fluid connective tissues | blood, lymph
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| blood connective tissue | 3 types of cells, red, white, and platelets surrounded by fluid intercellular material
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| lymph connective tissues | fluid which forms as interstitial fluid enters special passageways...cells are almost entirely lymphocytes
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| membranes | flat sheets of flexible tissue that line or cover structures
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| epithelial membranes | combination of epithelial layer and underlying connective tissue layer
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| mucous membrane | lines body cavities open to exterior (digestive, respiratory, excretory, reproductive)
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| serous membrane | lines body cavities not open to exterior and cover organs within those cavities
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| cutaneous | integumentary system
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| synovial membranes | areoloar connective tissue with elastic fibers and fat-line the cavities of joints, no epithelium
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| muscle tissue 1 basic function | contract
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| three types of muscle tissue | skeletal, striated, or voluntaryvesceral, smooth, or involuntarycardiac
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| skeletal, striated, or voluntary | cells are large, cylindrical in shape and multinucleatedcells are organized into distinct muscle groups and are associated with tendons
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| visceral, smooth, or involuntary (associated with organs) | cells are small, tapered at the ends and are mononucleated
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| cardiac | striated, involuntary, found only within the walls of the heart, cells are cynlindrical and striated but usually mononucleatedunique feature is that cells are interconnected by branches
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| nervous tissue | functioning cells are neurons, support cells are neuroglial cells
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| neurons | scarttered and separated by support cellstransmit electrical impulses for the purposes of communication and control
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| neuroglial cells | provide physical protection and nourishmentnot involved in the transmission of impulses
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