Muscle tissue, muscular system
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Types of muscle tissue | skeletal, cardiac, smooth
🗑
|
||||
| Muscular system | includes only skeletal muscles
🗑
|
||||
| Function of skeletal muscles | produce skeletal movement, maintain body position, support soft tissues, guard openings, maintain body temperature, store nutrient reserves
🗑
|
||||
| Structures in skeletal muscle | muscle fibers, connective tissues, nerves, blood vessels
🗑
|
||||
| Three layers of connective tissue within muscles | epimysium, perimysium, endomysium
🗑
|
||||
| Epimysium | an exterior collagen layer connected to deep fascia; separates muscle from surrounding tissues
🗑
|
||||
| Perimysium | connective tissue that surrounds fascicles; contains blood vessel and nerve supply to fascicles
🗑
|
||||
| Fascicle | a bundle of muscle fibers
🗑
|
||||
| Endomysium | connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers, and contains capillaries and nerve fibers contacting muscle cells; also contains myosatellite cells that repair damage
🗑
|
||||
| Myosatellite cell | a muscle stem cell
🗑
|
||||
| Muscle attachment | connective tissue at the end of muscles made of the combined epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium that forms a connective tissue attachment to the bone matrix, either as a tendon or an aponeurosis
🗑
|
||||
| Tendon | bundle of connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone matrix
🗑
|
||||
| Aponeurosis | sheet of connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone matrix
🗑
|
||||
| Function of nerves in the muscular system | connect muscles to the central nervous system, allowing voluntary control
🗑
|
||||
| Nomenclature of skeletal muscles | a descriptive name followed by a location name
🗑
|
||||
| Function of blood vessels in the muscular system | form an extensive vascular network that supplies nutrients and large amounts of oxygen, and carries away waste products
🗑
|
||||
| Properties of skeletal muscle fibers | are very long; develop through fusion of myoblasts; contain hundreds of nuclei
🗑
|
||||
| Myoblast | mesodermal stem cell that forms skeletal muscle cells
🗑
|
||||
| Sarcolemma | cell membrane of a muscle fiber; maintains transmembrane potential to allow contractions
🗑
|
||||
| Sarcoplasm | cytoplasm of a muscle fiber
🗑
|
||||
| T tubule | transverse tubule; transmits action potential through the muscle fiber; allows entire fiber to contract simultaneously, and has same properties as the sarcolemma
🗑
|
||||
| Myofibril | lengthwise subdivision within muscle fiber made up of myofilaments
🗑
|
||||
| Myofilament | a protein filament responsible for muscle contractions
🗑
|
||||
| Types of myofilaments | thin filaments made up of actin; thick filaments made up of myosin
🗑
|
||||
| Sarcoplasmic reticulum | membranous structure surounding each myofibril that helps transmit action potential and forms terminal cisternae attached to the T tubule; similar structure to smooth endoplasmic reticulum
🗑
|
||||
| Terminal cisterna | concentrates calcium ions via ion pumps, and releases them into sarcomeres to begin muscle contraction
🗑
|
||||
| Triad | internal structure of a muscle fiber formed by one T tubule and two terminal cisternae
🗑
|
||||
| Sarcomere | contractile unit of muscle that forms the structural unit of a myofibril, and forms visible patterns within the myofibril
🗑
|
||||
| Muscle striations | a pattern of light (I band) and dark (A band) filaments within myofibrils
🗑
|
||||
| A band | a dark, thick filament within the myofibril
🗑
|
||||
| I band | a light, thin filament within the myofibril
🗑
|
||||
| M line | the center of the A band, at the midline of the sarcomere
🗑
|
||||
| Z line | the center of the I band, at the ends of the sarcomere
🗑
|
||||
| Zone of overlap | the darkest area visible in the myofibril, where the A and I bands overlap
🗑
|
||||
| H band | area around the M line that has thick filaments but no thin filaments
🗑
|
||||
| Titin | a strand of protein that reaches from the tips of the thick filaments to the Z line, stabilizing the filaments
🗑
|
||||
| Function of sarcomeres | contracts when calcium ions released by the sarcoplasmic reticulum cause the thin and thick filaments to interact
🗑
|
||||
| Four proteins of thin filaments | F-actin, nebulin, tropomyosin, troponin
🗑
|
||||
| Mnemonic for remembering thick and thin filaments | the "tin" in actin corresponds to the thIn filaments, which look lIght and form the I band; the A band looks dArk
🗑
|
||||
| Types of fascicle organization | parallel, convergent, pennate
🗑
|
||||
| Types of attachment sites for convergent muscles | tendon, aponeurosis, raphe
🗑
|
||||
| Types of pennate muscles | unipennate (extensor digitorum), bipennate (rectus femoris), multipennate (deltoid)
🗑
|
||||
| Sphincter | circular muscles that open and close to guard entrances of the body
🗑
|
||||
| Orbicularis oris | the muscle that closes and opens the mouth
🗑
|
||||
| Orbicularis oculis | the muscle that closes and opens the eye
🗑
|
||||
| Lever | rigid, moving structure
🗑
|
||||
| Fulcrum | fixed point
🗑
|
||||
| Three functions of levers | changes direction of applied force, distance and speed of movement, effective strength of applied force
🗑
|
||||
| First-class lever | fulcrum is in the center between the applied force and the resistance; for example, nodding yes
🗑
|
||||
| Second-class lever | centers resistance between fulcrum and applied force, to move a large weight with a small force; for example, tiptoeing
🗑
|
||||
| Third-class lever | centers applied force between resistance and fulcrum, to maximize speed and distance traveled; for example, flexion of the elbow
🗑
|
||||
| Types of muscle functions | agonist, antagonist, synergist, fixator
🗑
|
||||
| Agonist muscle | produces a particular movement
🗑
|
||||
| Antagonist muscle | opposes movement of a particular agonist
🗑
|
||||
| Synergist muscle | smaller muscle that assists a larger agonist
🗑
|
||||
| Fixator muscle | stabilizes point of attachment of an agonist muscle
🗑
|
||||
| Only two muscles without the word "muscle" in their correct names | platysma, diaphragm
🗑
|
||||
| Platysma | flat muscle of the lower jaw
🗑
|
||||
| Diaphragm | umbrella-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
🗑
|
||||
| Ways muscles are named | location in the body, origin and insertion, fascicle organization, relative position, structural characteristics, action
🗑
|
||||
| Muscles of the eye | six extrinsic muscles (sclera), two intrinsic
🗑
|
||||
| Six extrinsic muscles of the eye | superior rectus, medius rectus, inferior rectus, lateral rectus, superior oblique, inferior oblique
🗑
|
||||
| Intrinsic muscles of the eye | ciliary, iris
🗑
|
||||
| Ciliary muscle of the eye | controls the shape of the lens to focus vision
🗑
|
||||
| Iris muscle | controls the size of the pupils
🗑
|
||||
| Divisions of the muscular system | axial (60% of muscles), appendicular (40%)
🗑
|
||||
| Six muscle groups of the head and neck | facial expression, extrinsic eye muscles, mastication, muscles of the tongue, muscles of the pharynx, anterior muscles of the neck
🗑
|
||||
| Process of initiating contraction | Ca2+ ion binds to receptor on troponin molecule; troponin-tropomyosin complex changes, expressing the active site of F-actin
🗑
|
||||
| Sliding filament theory | thin filaments slide along thick filaments toward the M line at the center of the sarcomere; width of the A zone stays the same, Z lines move closer together
🗑
|
||||
| Five steps of the contraction cycle | exposure of active sites; formation of cross-bridges; pivoting of myosin heads; detachment of cross-bridges; reactivation of myosin
🗑
|
||||
| Process of relaxation | Ca2+ concentrations fall; Ca2+ ions detach from troponin; active sites are re-covered by tropomyosin; tension gradually falls to resting levels; titin proteins recoil after stretching
🗑
|
||||
| Neuromuscular junction | location of neural stimulation; action potential causes release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft
🗑
|
||||
| Action potential | electrical signal that travels along the nerve axon and ends at synaptic terminal
🗑
|
||||
| Synaptic terminal | part of the neuron that releases acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft
🗑
|
||||
| Acetylcholine | neurotransmitter that transmits action potential from a motor neuron to a muscle fiber by binding to membrane receptors on the sarcolemma, making it more permeable to sodium ions
🗑
|
||||
| Synaptic cleft | gap between the synaptic terminal and motor end plate, where acetylcholine is released by the neuron and attaches to the motor end plate
🗑
|
||||
| Motor end plate | portion of the sarcolemma that receives acetylcholine
🗑
|
||||
| Cardiac muscle tissue | striated muscle tissue found only in the heart, notable for containing intercalated discs
🗑
|
||||
| Intercalated discs | specialized contact points between cardiocytes made up of gap junctions and desmosomes that enhance molecular and electrical connections and conduct action potentials
🗑
|
||||
| Smooth muscle tissue | nonstriated tissue with different functional characteristics from skeletal muscle; causes involuntary movement in the body, mainly in the cardiovascular (regulating blood pressure and flow), digestive (peristalsis, sphincters), and integumentary systems
🗑
|
||||
| Muscles of the shoulders and upper limbs | position the pectoral girdle, flex and extend the shoulder and elbow, abduct and adduct the shoulder, and rotate the shoulder
🗑
|
||||
| Muscles that position the pectoral girdle | trapezius, rhomboid, levator scapulae, serratus anterior, subclavius, pectoralis minor
🗑
|
||||
| Muscles that abduct the shoulder | deltoid (agonist), supraspinatus (synergist)
🗑
|
||||
| Muscle that adducts the shoulder | coracobrachialis
🗑
|
||||
| Muscles that rotate the shoulder | subscapularis and teres major (medial), infraspinatus and teres minor (lateral)
🗑
|
||||
| Muscle that extends the shoulder | latissimus dorsi
🗑
|
||||
| Muscle that flexes the shoulder | pectoralis major
🗑
|
||||
| Muscles of the rotator cuff | supraspinatus, subscapularis, infraspinatus, teres minor
🗑
|
||||
| Muscles that flex the elbow | biceps brachii (agonist), brachialis and brachioradialis (synergists), triceps and anconeus (antagonists)
🗑
|
||||
| Muscles that extend the elbow | triceps brachii (agonist), anconeus (synergist), biceps and brachioradialis (antagonists)
🗑
|
||||
| Muscles that move the thigh | gluteal, lateral rotators, adductors, iliopsoas
🗑
|
||||
| Gluteal muscles | gluteus maximus, gluteus medius and minimus, tensor fasciae latae
🗑
|
||||
| Lateral rotators of the thigh | piriformis, obturator
🗑
|
||||
| Adductors of the thigh | adductor magnus, adductor brevis, and adductor longus; pectineus, gracilis
🗑
|
||||
| Hip flexors | psoas major, iliacus
🗑
|
||||
| Extensors of the knee | four muscles of the quadriceps femoris
🗑
|
||||
| Quadriceps femoris | vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and vastus lateralis; rectus femoris
🗑
|
||||
| Flexors of the knee | hamstring
🗑
|
||||
| Hamstring muscles | biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Created by:
ekolmus
Popular Anatomy sets