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Physiology

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Question
Answer
5 Functions of the Skeleton   show
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2 Classifications by Location   show
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show Axial Skeleton  
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Components: Shoulder bones, & upper limps; Hip bones, & lower limbs. Functions: Leverage for Locomotion, Leverage for manipulation for the environment   show
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show Long, Short, Flat, & Irregular Bones  
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show Osteoid & Hydroxyapatites  
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One Third of Extracellular Matrix   show
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Two thirds of Extracellular Matrix   show
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show Osteoid  
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show Hydroxyapatites  
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Made by osteoblasts   show
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Tiny crystals arranged tightly around the collagen fibers of the extracellular matrix.   show
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show Osteoid  
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show Hydroxyapatites  
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In embryos, leads to develpment of the body skeleton   show
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Until adulthood, leads to growth of the skeleton   show
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In adulthood, leads to some increase in thickness of bones. Primarily leads to remodeling and repair of bones.   show
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show Osteogenesis or Ossification  
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Bones can develop from 2 different tissues during embryonic development   show
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Leads to the formation of most bones in the skull and miscellaneos other bones (clavicle, sesamoid bones)   show
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Bones of the skelton from the base of the skull down (with a few exceptions)   show
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Bone deposition and resorption for the purpose of shaping, strengthening or repairing bone   show
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Based off the action of osteoblasts & osteoclasts   show
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show Bone Growth & Remodeling  
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show Bone Growth & Remodeling  
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show Growth in Length  
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Osteoblasts of periosteum lay down new bone. Osteoclasts of endosteum at spongy/compact bone interface remove internal bone (helps keep bones light)   show
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Every week we recycle 5-7% of our bone mass   show
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show Rate of bone remodeling in adults  
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Compact bone is replaced every 10 years   show
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Rate is variable based on location   show
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At any given location, rate of bone destruction and deposition is approximately equal in healthy adults   show
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Control of Remodeling   show
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show Calcitriol (kidneys)  
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Stimulates osteoblast activity and the synthesis of bone matrix (pituitary gland)   show
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Stimulates osteoblast activity and the synthesis of bone matrix (thyroid gland)   show
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show Sex Hormones (ovaries/testes)  
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show Parathyroid Hormone (parathyroid glands)  
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show Calcitonin (thyroid gland)  
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show Mechanical Stress  
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Long bones are thickest midway along the shaft   show
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Curved bones are thickest where they are most likely to buckle   show
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Trabeculea of spongy bones from trusses (struts) along lines of compression   show
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show Mechanical Stress  
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show Mechanical Stress  
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show Long Bones  
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show Short Bones  
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show Flat Bones  
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show Irregular Bones  
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show Compact & Spongy Bone  
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External part of bone   show
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show Compact Bone  
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show Spongy Bone  
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Honeycomb of osseous tissue called trabeculae   show
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Filled with bone marrow   show
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2 structures of typical long bone   show
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Shaft of the bone   show
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Compact bone externally   show
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show Diaphysis  
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show Epiphyses  
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show Epiphyses  
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show Epiphyses  
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show Structure of a typical short, irregular or flat bone  
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show Structure of a typical short, irregular or flat bone  
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2 types of bone marrow   show
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show Hematopoietic Tissue (red marrow)  
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Usually restricted to proximal epiphysis of the humerus and femur and to spongy bone of flat and irregular bones (hips, sternum) in adults.   show
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show Hematopoietic Tissue (red marrow)  
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Can reform in long bones if anemia occurs   show
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show Yellow Marrow  
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show Yellow Marrow  
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2 types of membranes   show
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Covers entire outer surface of bone except joint surfaces   show
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Outer layer is dense irregular connective tissue   show
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show Periosteum  
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Collagen fibers incorporated into the bone called perforatiing fibers   show
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show Periosteum  
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show Endosteum  
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Composed of an osteogenic layer of cells containing osteoblasts and osteoclasts   show
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Lacks the dense irregular connective tissue present in the periosteum   show
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show Bone Cells  
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show Osteoprogenitor Cells, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, & Osteoclasts  
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Stem Cells   show
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Produce daughter cells known as osteoblasts   show
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Bone cells that produce new extracellular matrix (osteoid)   show
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Encourage accumulation of calcium salts in the extracellular matrix   show
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show Osteocytes  
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show Osteocytes  
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show Osteocytes  
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Large, Multi-nucleated cells   show
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Produce by myeloid stem cells (myeloid known primarily for producing blood cells)   show
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Secrete acids and proteolytic enzymes that digest bone   show
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Strucural unit of compact bone   show
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show Lamella  
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Collagen fibers and salt crystals lie in opposite directions in adjacent lemella   show
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show Central (harversian) Canal & Perforating (volkmann's) Canal  
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show Perforating (volkmann's) Canal  
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Connection to the exterior   show
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show Lucunae  
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show Lucunae  
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Small cavaties extending into the lamella   show
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show Canaliculi  
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show Microscopic structure of spongy bone  
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Trabeculae actually arranged along lines of stress   show
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show Microscopic structure of spongy bone  
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Very light-weight but resistant to stress in multiple planes   show
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