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Ch. 6 Bones and Skel
Physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 5 Functions of the Skeleton | Support. Protection. Leverage for movement. Mineral, lipid, and growth factor storage. Blood Cell Production |
| 2 Classifications by Location | Axial Skeleton & Appendicular Skeleton |
| Components: Skull, Vertebral Column, Rib cage. Primary Functions: Protection, and Support | Axial Skeleton |
| Components: Shoulder bones, & upper limps; Hip bones, & lower limbs. Functions: Leverage for Locomotion, Leverage for manipulation for the environment | Appendicular Skeleton |
| 4 Classifications by shape | Long, Short, Flat, & Irregular Bones |
| 2 Chemical Composition of Bone | Osteoid & Hydroxyapatites |
| One Third of Extracellular Matrix | Osteoid |
| Two thirds of Extracellular Matrix | Hydroxyapatites |
| Composed of: Ground Substance (proteoglycans & glycoproteins) & Collagen Fibers | Osteoid |
| Mineral Salts-Mostly calcium phosphate | Hydroxyapatites |
| Made by osteoblasts | Osteoid |
| Tiny crystals arranged tightly around the collagen fibers of the extracellular matrix. | Hydroxyapatites |
| Contributes to bone flexability and tensile strength that allow bones to withstand stretching and twisting. | Osteoid |
| Contributes to bone hardness and ability to resist compression. | Hydroxyapatites |
| In embryos, leads to develpment of the body skeleton | Osteogenesis or Ossification |
| Until adulthood, leads to growth of the skeleton | Osteogenesis or Ossification |
| In adulthood, leads to some increase in thickness of bones. Primarily leads to remodeling and repair of bones. | Osteogenesis or Ossification |
| Process of bone tissue formation | Osteogenesis or Ossification |
| Bones can develop from 2 different tissues during embryonic development | Fibrous Connective Tissue (Intramembranous Ossification) & Hyaline Cartilage(Endochondral Ossification) |
| Leads to the formation of most bones in the skull and miscellaneos other bones (clavicle, sesamoid bones) | Intramembranous Ossification (Fibrous Connective Tissue) |
| Bones of the skelton from the base of the skull down (with a few exceptions) | Endochondral Ossification (Hyaline Cartilage) |
| Bone deposition and resorption for the purpose of shaping, strengthening or repairing bone | Bone Growth & Remodeling |
| Based off the action of osteoblasts & osteoclasts | Bone Growth & Remodeling |
| Growth in thickness/diameter | Bone Growth & Remodeling |
| Growth in length | Bone Growth & Remodeling |
| An extension of endochondral ossification (cartilage forms and is replaced by bone) | Growth in Length |
| Osteoblasts of periosteum lay down new bone. Osteoclasts of endosteum at spongy/compact bone interface remove internal bone (helps keep bones light) | Growth in thinkness/diameter |
| Every week we recycle 5-7% of our bone mass | Rate of bone remodeling in adults |
| Spongy bone is replaced every 3-4 years | Rate of bone remodeling in adults |
| Compact bone is replaced every 10 years | Rate of bone remodeling in adults |
| Rate is variable based on location | Rate of bone remodeling in adults |
| At any given location, rate of bone destruction and deposition is approximately equal in healthy adults | Rate of bone remodeling in adults |
| Control of Remodeling | Hormones |
| Promotes calcium and phosphate ion absorption by digestive tract | Calcitriol (kidneys) |
| Stimulates osteoblast activity and the synthesis of bone matrix (pituitary gland) | Growth Hormone (pituitary gland) |
| Stimulates osteoblast activity and the synthesis of bone matrix (thyroid gland) | Thyroxine (thyroid gland) |
| Stimulates osteoblast activity and the synthesis of bone matrix (ovaries/testes) | Sex Hormones (ovaries/testes) |
| Stimulates osteoclasts activity; elevates calcium ion concentration in body fluids | Parathyroid Hormone (parathyroid glands) |
| inhibits osteoclast activity, promotes calcium loss at kidneys, and reduces calcium ion concentration in body fluid | Calcitonin (thyroid gland) |
| Bones are hollow in the middle | Mechanical Stress |
| Long bones are thickest midway along the shaft | Mechanical Stress |
| Curved bones are thickest where they are most likely to buckle | Mechanical Stress |
| Trabeculea of spongy bones from trusses (struts) along lines of compression | Mechanical Stress |
| Large bone projections occur where heavy, active muscles attach | Mechanical Stress |
| Bones of infants and bedridden people are featureless | Mechanical Stress |
| relatively long & slendor (phalanges, ulna, radius) | Long Bones |
| roughly cubed shaped (carpals, tarsals, sesamoid bones) | Short Bones |
| thin, flattened, slightly curved (sternum, scapula, ribs, many skull bones, sutural bones) | Flat Bones |
| complicated shapes (vertebrae, ossa coxae, many facial bones) | Irregular Bones |
| 2 types of bone density | Compact & Spongy Bone |
| External part of bone | Compact Bone |
| Looks smooth and solid to naked eye | Compact Bone |
| Internal part of bone | Spongy Bone |
| Honeycomb of osseous tissue called trabeculae | Spongy Bone |
| Filled with bone marrow | Spongy Bone |
| 2 structures of typical long bone | Diaphysis & Epiphyses |
| Shaft of the bone | Diaphysis |
| Compact bone externally | Diaphysis |
| Central medullary cavity that contains bone marrow | Diaphysis |
| Larger Diameter than Diaphysis | Epiphyses |
| Compact bone externally | Epiphyses |
| Spongy bone internally | Epiphyses |
| Layer of spongy bone (diploe) sandwiched between compact bone | Structure of a typical short, irregular or flat bone |
| Spongy bone contains bone marrow, although no marrow cavity is present | Structure of a typical short, irregular or flat bone |
| 2 types of bone marrow | Hematopoietic Tissue (red marrow)& Yellow Marrow |
| Found in all medullary cavities and spongy bone in infants. | Hematopoietic Tissue (red marrow) |
| Usually restricted to proximal epiphysis of the humerus and femur and to spongy bone of flat and irregular bones (hips, sternum) in adults. | Hematopoietic Tissue (red marrow) |
| Responsible for blood cell formation. | Hematopoietic Tissue (red marrow) |
| Can reform in long bones if anemia occurs | Hematopoietic Tissue (red marrow) |
| Adipose tissue used to store lipids | Yellow Marrow |
| Replaces most red marrow in bone marrow cavities and spongy bones of adults | Yellow Marrow |
| 2 types of membranes | Periosteum & Endosteum |
| Covers entire outer surface of bone except joint surfaces | Periosteum |
| Outer layer is dense irregular connective tissue | Periosteum |
| Inner layer composed primarily of oseoprogenitor cells along with osteoblast and osteoclasts | Periosteum |
| Collagen fibers incorporated into the bone called perforatiing fibers | Periosteum |
| Continuous with joint capsules, tendons, and ligaments | Periosteum |
| Covers trabeculae of spongy bone and lines canals that pass through compact bone | Endosteum |
| Composed of an osteogenic layer of cells containing osteoblasts and osteoclasts | Endosteum |
| Lacks the dense irregular connective tissue present in the periosteum | Endosteum |
| Populate Bone tissue | Bone Cells |
| 4 types of bone cells | Osteoprogenitor Cells, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, & Osteoclasts |
| Stem Cells | Osteoprogenitor Cells |
| Produce daughter cells known as osteoblasts | Osteoprogenitor Cells |
| Bone cells that produce new extracellular matrix (osteoid) | Osteoblasts |
| Encourage accumulation of calcium salts in the extracellular matrix | Osteoblasts |
| Mature osteoblasts that have been completely surrounded by bone matrix | Osteocytes |
| Maintain the protein and mineral content of the surrounding extracellular matrix | Osteocytes |
| Participate in bone repair | Osteocytes |
| Large, Multi-nucleated cells | Osteoclasts |
| Produce by myeloid stem cells (myeloid known primarily for producing blood cells) | Osteoclasts |
| Secrete acids and proteolytic enzymes that digest bone | Osteoclasts |
| Strucural unit of compact bone | Osteon (Harversian System) |
| Concentric rings of bone | Lamella |
| Collagen fibers and salt crystals lie in opposite directions in adjacent lemella | Lamella |
| Contains blood vessels and nerve fibers | Central (harversian) Canal & Perforating (volkmann's) Canal |
| Lie at right angles to length of bone | Perforating (volkmann's) Canal |
| Connection to the exterior | Perforating (volkmann's) Canal |
| Small cavities between lamella | Lucunae |
| Contain Osteocytes | Lucunae |
| Small cavaties extending into the lamella | Canaliculi |
| Allow osteocytes to communicate via gap junctions | Canaliculi |
| Appears to be poorly organized | Microscopic structure of spongy bone |
| Trabeculae actually arranged along lines of stress | Microscopic structure of spongy bone |
| Contains irregularly arranged lamella and osteocytes interconnected by canaliculi | Microscopic structure of spongy bone |
| Very light-weight but resistant to stress in multiple planes | Microscopic structure of spongy bone |
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ky13
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