Environmental Geography
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| Atmosphere | thin layer of air right over earth’s surface
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| Atmosphere Functions | Supplies oxygen,Protection from sun’s harmful rays, Moderates temperatures, Brings moisture from ocean à land
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| 1883: Krakatau erupts in Indonesia resulting in | 2.5 cubic miles of ash/rock in atmosphere, all traces disappear
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| 1980 Mount St. Helen erupts where in NW U.S. resulting in | similar but smaller result as Krakatau
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| Global warming | tropospheric pollution à Earth retains more heat
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| Early 2000s computer models predicted | 3.57°-5.57°F increase
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| 3.57°-5.57°F increase could be enough to... | raise sea levels up to 6 inches
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| March of 2002: Rhode Island-sized ice chunk broke off of... | Antarctica
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| Change in climate à changes in hydrologic cycle would affect | precipitation cycles, change to agricultural patterns, animal habitats
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| Amounts of “greenhouse gases” increase ___% per decade? | 2
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| “greenhouse gases” include | carbon dioxide, nitrous oxides, methane
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| Acid rain result of | pollutants in atmosphere
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| sulfur dioxide + nitrous oxides + water vapor equals | acidic precipitation
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| Results of acid rain | acidification of lakes/streams à fish die, stunted forest growth, loss of crops in affected areas, (also accelerates building/monument corrosion in cities)
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| industrial areas (i.e. U.S.) enacting legislation for clean-air standards with some positive results such as | In Canada + Scandanavia, recovery from acid rain damage faster than expected
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| Deforestation affects | oxygen cycle
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| 1980: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of UN study of rate of forest depletion showed | 44% tropical rainforest already been affected
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| over ___% of rainforests being logged every year? | 1
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| second-growth forest lacks dying trees, why important? | many species depend upon
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| Soil Erosion | loss of potentially productive soil
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| Causes of Soil Erosion | population growth à cultivation of more lands à increased erosion
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| Results of Soil Erosion | farmers unable to leave parts of land fallow, shortened field rotation cycles (soil unable to fully recover),unsuitable dry land farmed anyway
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| 2004 report: over 10 hectares of agricultural lands lost to... | erosion
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| U.S. biggest producer of... | solid waste, debris, garbage
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| In US, about __.__ pounds solid waster per person per day | 3.7
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| 160 million metric tons of this per year | solid waste
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| open dumps replaced by | sanitary landfills
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| In U.S., landfill capacity reached in about ___ states | 12
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| U.S., EU, Japan export solid waste to... | Africa, Middle and S. America, E Asia
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| 1989 treaty to control exporting waste required | consent of recipient country
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| toxic waste | danger from chemicals, infectious materials, etc.
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| Low level Radioactive | give off small amount of radiation anddisposed of in steel drums in special gov. landfills
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| High-level: strong radiation (nuclear plants/factories) | radioactive for thousands of years;no satisfactory place/way of disposal found;put in special drums in 100 sites
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| U.S. developing 2 major sites for radioactive removal | Yucca Mountain in Nevada and New Mexico
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| Biodiversity | The diversity of all aspects of life found on the earth.
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| How many species are there? | Estimates of numbers of species range from 10 million to one hundred million. 1.75 mil species have been identified
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| -Humans have dramatically increased rates of extinction over the last _____ years | 100
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| Percentages of extinct species in last 100 years | 8%plants, 5%fish, 11%birds, 18%mammals
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| Extinction depends on… | 1.) The range of the species 2.) Its scarcity 3.) Its geographic concentration Ex: If a species with a small range, high degree of scarcity, and a small geographic concentration has its habitat threatened, extinction may follow.
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| How have humans’ impacted biodiversity? | -Domestication of animals + agricultural domestication of plant life-Caused changes in human relationships with other species-Birds and mammals have been hunted as food and as resources
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| Ex: In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, beaver populations were drastically reduced as the beavers were trapped and skinned for their... | pelts
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| Birds were hunted for their feathers to... | decorate fashionable hats.
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| Elephants and walruses continue to be hunted for their... | tusks to make ivory.
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| In the last 400 years… | *650 species of plants have become extinct *480 animals have become extinct
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| Human travel has had these effects | 1.)Introduced new species to areas around the globe: Ex: Rats; devastating effects on ocean islands -New species cause competition with native species, and prey on the native species Ex: Dodo bird; hunted to extinction by humans
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| Introduced species brought over new _____ | diseases
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| Diseases caused decimation and extinction of _______ _______ | native species
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| What is responsible for the expanding impact of humans on the environment over the past two centuries? | 1.)Dramatic growth of human population 2.)Consumption 3.)Technology
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| What is political ecology? | As described by Gray and Moseley, “political economy; power and history in shaping human environmental interactions.”
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| I. G. Simmons said a hunter-gather could | rely on the resources that could be found within an area of about 26 square kilometers; today people get resources from all over the world.
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| The amount of energy used from person to person depends on... | where you live
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| In Taipei they have envelopes of smog caused by... | internal combustion engine and mechanized manufacturing
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| Important parts of technologies that contribute to environmental problems are two critical sectors of the economy: | transportation and energy.
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| 1972 U.N. Conference | located in Stockholm; discussed on environmental policy.
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| UNCED(United Nations Conference on Environment and Development)- | held in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992; framework guide in international activity in environment- Delegates of UNCED gave Global Environment Facility important authority over environmental action on global scale.
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| Ozone Layer | ozone creates smogozone layer helps protects Earth from sun rays
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| 1985- British scientist found ozone layer in South Pole and was shrinking. Cause was | CFC( chlorofluorocarbons
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| Protection of the Ozone layer began | in 1985 with Vienna Convention of the Protection of the Ozone Layer
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| Montreal Protocol | stop production of CFC(signed in September of 1987 by 105 countries and the European Community
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