Anatomy & Physiology
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| show | essential for life, composed of heart and blood vessels, and circulate blood continuously to maintain homeostasis
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| transportation of blood through the body | show 🗑
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| perfusion | show 🗑
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| if cardiovascular system fails (i.e. heart fails to pump blood or vessels are blocked) | show 🗑
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| show | "soft pipes" of the cardiovascular system of which there are three types
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| show | arteries, veins, and capillaries
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| arteries | show 🗑
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| veins | show 🗑
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| show | sites of gas exchange that occurs between blood and air in lungs and between blood and body cells
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| show | center of the cardiovascular system and is a hollow, four-chambered organ (atria and ventricles) with two pumps
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| atria | show 🗑
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| ventricles | show 🗑
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| show | right sided pump and left sided pump
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| show | receives deoxygenated blood from body and pumps it to the lungs
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| left sided pump | show 🗑
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| left atrium and right atrium | show 🗑
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| show | receive blood from respective atria and are inferior chambers that are meant for pumping blood away
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| show | transport blood directly to and from chambers and are continuous with each chamber
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| show | pulmonary trunk, aorta, superior and inferior vena cava
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| show | splits into pulmonary arteries and receives deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle (only artery that caries deoxygenated blood)
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| vessels entering the right atrium carrying deoxygenated blood are... | show 🗑
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| show | bring blood back from the top part of the body
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| show | brings blood back from the lower part of the body
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| show | right and left pulmonary veins (only veins that cary oxygenated blood)
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| vessel leaving the right ventricle carrying deoxygenated blood | show 🗑
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| show | aorta
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| two sets of valves located within the heart | show 🗑
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| show | between the atrium and ventricle of each side and there are two
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| two atrioventricular valves | show 🗑
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| right AV valve or tricuspid | show 🗑
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| left AV valve or bicuspid or mitral | show 🗑
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| show | boundary between the ventricle and arterial trunk and they open to allow blood to flow through the heart and close to prevent backflow and there are two
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| show | pulmonary semilunar valve and aortic semilunar valve
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| show | located between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
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| show | located between left ventricle and the aorta
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| circulation routes | show 🗑
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| show | carries deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart, goes through blood vessels to the lungs, picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide, and brings blood back through vessels to the left side of the heart
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| show | moves oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart, moves through vessels to systemic cells, exchanges nutrients, gases, and wastes, and returns blood in vessels to right side of the heart
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| show | right atrium -> tricuspid valve -> right ventricle -> pulmonary semilunar valve -> pulmonary trunk -> pulmonary arteries -> lungs -> pulmonary veins -> left atrium -> bicuspid valve -> left ventricle -> aortic semilunar valve -> aorta -> systemic circ.
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| heart location | show 🗑
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| show | enclosed the heart and consists of three layers
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| three layers of the pericardium | show 🗑
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| pericardial sac | show 🗑
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| show | outer portion (tough connective tissue) and inner portion (thin serous membrane)
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| outer portion of pericardial sac | show 🗑
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| visceral layer of serous pericardium (epicardium) | show 🗑
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| pericardial cavity | show 🗑
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| show | ventricle walls are thicker than atrial walls because ventricles are the "pumping chambers"
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| thickness of left ventricle | show 🗑
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| heart valves | show 🗑
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| show | covers right atrioventricular opening and has three cusps
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| show | covers left atrioventricular opening and has two cusps
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| show | when open, cusps extend into the ventricles (allow blood to move from atrium to ventricle), and close with ventricular contraction (forces blood superiorly)
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| chordae tendinae | show 🗑
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| show | located between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
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| show | located between left ventricle and the aorta
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| semilunar valves | show 🗑
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| show | open when ventricles contract and close when ventricles relax
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| show | a force of blood that pushes valves open and blood enters arterial trunks
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| ventricles relax causing | show 🗑
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| show | first sound occurs as AV valves close and signifies beginning of systole and second sound occurs when SL valves close at the beginning of ventricular diastole
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| heart murmurs | show 🗑
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| show | initiate and conduct electrical signals (sinoatrial (SA) node -> atrioventricular (AV) node -> atrioventricular (AV) bundle -> purkinje fibers)
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| show | in posterior wall of right atrium, adjacent to superior vena cava, initiates heartbeat, and referred to as "pacemaker" of heart
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| show | in floor of right atrium, between right AV valve and coronary sinus opening
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| show | extends from AV node through interventricular septum, divides into left and right bundles
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| show | extend from left and right bundles, from apex of heart through walls of ventricles
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| show | monitoring electrodes attached to skin (at wrist, ankles, and chest locations) that collect electrical signals and chart them to provide assessment of electrical changes of heart and composite tracing of all cardiac action potentials
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| three deflections in waves and segments of ECG recording | show 🗑
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| P wave | show 🗑
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| show | electrical changes associated with ventricular depolarization and atria simultaneously repolarizing but masked by above
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| show | electrical change associated with ventricular repolarization
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| waves of ECG recording | show 🗑
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| flat lines of ECG recording | show 🗑
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| systole | show 🗑
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| show | relaxation of the heart chamber
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| cardiac cycle components... | show 🗑
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| pressure changes in cardiac cycle | show 🗑
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| pressure changes in cardiac cycle are responsible for... | show 🗑
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| ventricular contraction | show 🗑
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| show | causes ventricular pressure to decrease, closure of semilunar valves (pressure no longer pushing them open) and AV valves open (pressure no longer pushing them closed)
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| as the cardiac cycle begins... | show 🗑
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| atrial systole (1) | show 🗑
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| show | most amount of blood volume in ventricles
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| early ventricular systole (2) | show 🗑
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| isovolumetric contraction | show 🗑
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| late ventricular systole (3) | show 🗑
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| show | blood ejection term ventricular ejection, amount of blood (stroke volume) and some blood remaining in ventricle (end-systolic volume (ESV)
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| show | EDV - SV
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| show | amount of blood
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| ventricular ejection | show 🗑
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| show | blood remaining in ventricle
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| show | atria relaxed and ventricles relaxed, ventricular pressure > atrial pressure, ventricular pressure < arterial trunk pressure, AV valves closed, blood flowing backward slightly (caught in SL valves, which close) and prevent backflow into ventricles
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| late ventricular diastole (5) | show 🗑
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| show | amount of blood pumped by a single ventricle in one minutes, measure of effectiveness of cardiovascular system, increases in healthy individuals during exercise, may not increase in inds with impaired heart function, determined by heart rate & stroke vol.
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| heart rate (HR) | show 🗑
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| stroke volume (SV) | show 🗑
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| CO equals | show 🗑
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| show | smaller heart, smaller stroke volume and larger heart, larger stroke volume
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| smaller heart, smaller stroke volume | show 🗑
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| larger heart, larger stroke volume | show 🗑
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