Layers, cells
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| What are 2 main components of the integumentary system? | Cutaneous membrane (skin) and the accessory structures (hair, nails, and multicellular exocrine glands)
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| What are the functions of the skin and hypodermis? | Protection, excretion (of salts, water and organic wastes), maintenance of body temperature, production of melanin, production of keratin, synthesis of vitamin D3, storage of lipids in adipocytes, detection
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| What cells does the epidermis consist of? | Stratified squamous epithelium
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| Why does the epidermis rely on the diffusion of nutrients and oxygen within the dermis? | Epidermis is avascular
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| Which type of cell dominates the epidermis? | Keratinocytes
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| How many layers of keratinocytes make up the thin skin? | 4 (0.08mm thick)
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| Which extra layer does the thick skin have? | Stratum lucidum
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| Where can thick akin be found? | Palms of hands and soles of the feeet
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| How many layers of keratinocytes make up the thick skin? | 5
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| What are the five layers of the epidermis? | Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, statum lucidum, stratum corneum
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| Which layer lies closest to the dermis? | Stratum basale
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| Which layer is much thicker in thick skin? | Stratum corneum
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| What does the stratum basale form that extend into the dermis? | Epidermal ridges
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| What projects from the dermis adjacent to these? | Dermal papillae
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| Why are the ridges and papillae important? (Connecting stratum basale to dermis) | Strength of the attachment is proportional to the surface area of the basement membrane
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| What type of cells make up the statum basale? | Basal cells (germinative)
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| What are basal cells? | Stem cells whose division replaces the more superficial keratinocytes
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| What type of cells do skin surfaces that lack hair contain? | Tactile cells (Merkel cells)
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| Why are these cells important? | Tactile cells are sensitive to touch, they release chemicals that stimulate nerve endings
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| How are layers of keratinocytes bound together in the stratum spinosum? | Desmosomes
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| What cells are contained within the stratum spinosum that participate in the immune response? | Dendritic (Langerhans) cells
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| How many layers of keratinocytes does the stratum granulosum consist of? | 3-5
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| What have keratinocytes started doing by the time they reach the granulosum? | Keratin or keratohyalin
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| What happens to cells as keratin develops? | Cells grow thinner and flatter, their membranes thicken and become less permeable
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| What does keratohyalin form? | Dense cytoplasmic granules that promote dehydration of the cell, as well as aggregation and cross-linking of keratin fibres
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| What are the cells that make up the stratum lucidum like? | Flattened, densely packed, largely devoid of organelles and filled with keratin
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| What is keratinisation? | Formation of protective superficial layers of cells filled with keratin
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| Where doesn't keratinisation occur? | Anterior surface of the eyes
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| How many days does it take for a cell to move from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum? | 7-10 days
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| What is insensible perspiration? | When water from the intestinal fluids slowly penetrates to the surface to be evaporated into the surrounding air. (Unable to see or feel the water loss)
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| What is sensible perspiration? | Water loss from active sweat glands, which people are usually aware of
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| What are the layers of the dermis? | Papillary layer and reticular layer
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| Which layer has dermal papillae? | Papillary layer
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| What does the papillary layer of skin consist of? | Areolar tissue
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| What does the reticular layer of skin consist of? | Collagen and elastic fibres
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| What tissues does the hypodermis consist of? | Areolar and adipose tissues
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| What is a subcutaneous injection? | Injection by means a hypodermic needle
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| What happens to the distribution of subcutaneous fat? | At puberty its distribution changes;
Men: Neck, arms, lower breath, buttocks
Women: breasts, buttocks, hips, thighs
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| How do the skin secretions protect us from infection? | Sebum and sweat are mostly acidic (pH 4-4.5). Sweat from apocrine glands and drug induced sweat has been found to be slightly basic
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| What are Langerhans cells? | Dendritic cells that contain large granules called Birbeck granules
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| What is xerosis? | Dry skin
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| What are potential causes of dry skin? | Thyroid disorders, weather, central heating/air con, hot baths & showers, harsh soaps, sun exposure, sun exposure, atopic dermatitis and psoriasis
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| What are the two types of sweat glands? | Eccrine and apocrine glands
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| What type of glands are they? | Exocrine
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| Where are apocrine glands stimulated? | Mainly in armpits, genital area and around the nipples
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| What does apocrine gland sweat contain? | Proteins, fats, and other substances that often result in thicker and stickier sweat. This causes sweat odour.
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| Which sweat glands have the larger lumen? | Apocrine glands
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| What do eccrine gland secretions do? | Help to control body temperature
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| Where are eccrine glands located? | All over the body, and in high density in the palms, soles of the feet, and scalp areas
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| What are emollients? | Moisturising treatments applied directly to the skin that help reduce water loss
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| What are different forms of emollients? | Soap substitutes, bath additives, moisturising creams and ointments
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| What is a humectant? | A humectant is a substance that binds with water molecules to increase the water content in the skin itself. It increases the surface of the skin's capacity to hold water
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| What is the effect of occlusion on the skin? | Provides a layer of oil on the skin's surface to slow down water loss
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| What does a lubricant do? | Reduces friction whenever anything rubs against the skin
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| How does oestrogen affect sebaceous glands? | Reduces the size and activity
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| How do androgens affect sebaceous glands? | Increases their size and activity
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| What is the pruritus? | Itching
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| Which neurons trigger itching? | Somatosensory neurons expressing the channel TRVPI
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| Which neurotransmitters are related to itching? | Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) -> only found in spinal cord
Natriuretic polypeptide b (Nppb) -> released by heart and some somatosensory neurons
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| Which neurotransmitter is more abundant? | Nppb
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| What are the cardinal signs of inflammation? | Tumour, dolor, rubour, calour, (function laesa)
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| What is the first stage of inflammation? | Irritation
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| What is the discharging of pus called? | Suppuration
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| What happens during the granulation stage? | Wounds of tiny, rounded tissue are formed during healing
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| What are the different types of inflammation? | Acute and chronic inflammation
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| Describe the process of acute inflammation? | -Arterioles that supply the damaged area with blood dilate which results in increased blood flow
-Capillaries become more permeable, so fluid can move into interstitial spaces
-Neutrophils and some macrophages migrate out of the capillaries and venules
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| What are corticosteroids? | An anti-inflammatory medicine which is structurally similar to cortisol
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| What are the different forms of corticosteroids? | Tablets, injections, inhalers and topical steroids
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| What are short-term anti-inflammatory effects of corticosteroids? | -Reduced inflammatory cell activation
-Decreased IgE synthesis
-Reduced mucosal oedema and decreased local generation of inflammatory prostaglandins and leukotrienes by inhibition of phospholipase A2
-Beta-adrenoreceptor up-regulation
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| What are long-term effects of corticosteroids? | -Reduced T-cell cytokine production, reduced dendritic cell signalling to T-cells
-Reduced eosinophil and mast cell deposition in bronchial mucosa
-Reversal of excess epithelial cell shedding and goblet cell hyperplasia
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| What are the five main types of topical corticosteroids? | Solutions, lotions, creams, ointments, gels
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| What are the 4 classes of potency for topical corticosteroids? | Mild topical corticosteroids, moderate topical corticosteroids, potent topical corticosteroids and very potent topical corticosteroids
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| When would mild topical corticosteroids be used? | Mild cases of inflammation such as insect bites
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| What potency of corticosteroid would be used for atopic eczema? | Moderate topical corticosteroids
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| What is potency? | Measurement of how powerful the effect of the medication will be
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