WVSOM Class of 2012 Early Morphogenesis
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| what is neurulation? | formation of the neural tube
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| what does the neural tube form? | CNS
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| the notochord causes the overlying ectoderm to differentiate into what structure? | the neural plate
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| the neural plate forms from what tissue? | neuroectoderm
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| the neural folds depress to form what? | neural groove
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| the neural groove inverts and fuses to form? | neural tube
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| the openings persisting before the final closure are called what? | cranial and caudal neuropores
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| once closure is complete, what phase is completed? | neurulation
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| the posterior of the neural tube forms what? | spinal cord
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| the broad anterior portion of neural tube forms what? | brain vesicles
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| lateral borders of the neural folds are called what? | neural crests
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| after closure, the neural crest cells dissociate into what? what tissue are these cells derived from? | mesenchymal cells; ectodermal
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| what are loosely woven, embryonic stem cells derived from the germ layer? | mesenchyme
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| 3 layers that the mesoderm differentiate into are? | the paraxial, intermediate, and lateral mesoderm
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| which portion of the mesoderm differentiates into the urogenital system? | intermediate
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| what develops in lateral mesoderm by coalescence of spaces? | coelom
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| somatic mesoderm and ectoderm are called what? | somatopleure
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| splanchnic mesoderm and endoderm are called what? | splanchnopleure
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| the early embryonic coelom is open to what? | chorionic cavity
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| the paraxial mesoderm segments into what? | somitomeres
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| in anterior region, the somitomere forms near the neuromere and forms what? | head mesenchyme
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| somitomeres in what regions become somites? | medial and posterior
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| the somites differentiate into what 3 layers? | sclerotomes, dermotomes, myotomes
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| what forms the bone and cartilage of vertebrae? | sclerotomes
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| gut formation is what kind of process? | passive
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| what structure connects the gut to the body and is the stalk of the yolk sac? | viteline duct
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| the anterior end of the foregut that is anchored by the precordial plate is called what? | the buccopharyngeal membrane
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| posterior of hindgut is anchored by what? | the cloacal membrane
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| mesenchymal cells that form blood differentiate into what? | angioblasts
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| cytotrophoblast cells that become organized into columns, extending into the syncytiotrophoblast (forming a major portion of the placenta) are called what? | chorionic villi
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| cytotrophoblast cells surrounded by the synctiotrophoblast, these are the progenitors of all chorionic villi: | primary villi
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| these structures are formed when extraembryonic mesoderm penetrates, producing mesodermal cores: | secondary villi
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| villi that extend through the syntiotrophoblast are called what? | stem villi
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| the maternal component of the placenta in endometrium is what? | decidua
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| what is the name for hemolytic disease of the newborn? | erythroblastosis fetalis
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| what is the most common Rh-antigen producing isoimmunization? | D
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| what tissue generates the central and peripheral nervous systems, sensory epithelia of ears, nose and eyes, epidermis including hair and nails, subcutaneous and mammary glands, pituitary gland and teeth enamel? | ectoderm
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| the lateral edges of the neural plate elevate to form what structures? | neural folds
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| the cranial and caudal neuropores are open to what cavity? | amniotic
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| what cells are stem cells for numerous structures (ganglia and cranial nerves, schwann cells, melanocytes, adrenal medulla, craniofacial bones, connective tissues and conotruncal heart cushions)? | neural crest cells
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| what tissue produces muscle, connective tissue, cartilage and bone, blood and blood vessels, kidneys, spleen, gonads and suprarenal cortex? | mesoderm
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| the somatopleure will develop into what structures? | the lateral and ventral walls of the body cavity
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| In the cervical and thoracic regions the intermediate mesoderm produces segmental clusters known as what? | nephrotomes
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| the somites' ventral and medial walls lose cohesion, producing mesenchymal cells that surround the notochord. These cell clusters are known as what? | sclerotomes
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| after the ventral and medial walls of the somite lose cohesion, the remaining dorsal walls are called what? | dermomyotomes
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| what "tomes" differentiate into the muscles attached to each vertebra? | myotomes
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| what "tomes" produce the underlying dermis of the skin? | dermatomes
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| what tissue produces the digestive tract, as well as epithelia and stromata for numerous other organ structures? | endoderm
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| the embryonic circulatory system runs through which structures? | embryonic mesoderm, including the heart tube, splanchnic extraembryonic mesoderm, somatic extraembryonic mesoderm and connecting stalk
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| when embryonic blood vessels develop in the cores, what villi are created? | tertiary villi
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| Cytotrophoblast cells spread out between the syncytiotrophoblast and endometrium to form an epithelium known as what? | outer cytotrophoblast shell
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| The lacunar network of the decidua expands and coalesces into what spaces between the villi? | intervillous spaces
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