Chapter 9- Daily Life In Ancient Egypt: dec. 6, 2013
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| What was society structured like? | a pyramid
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| Name from top to bottom Egypt's social classes | pharaoh,government officials, priests, scribes, artisans, peasants
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| What classes had less people and a higher status? | the classes closer the top
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| ______'s word was law. Fill in the blank. | pharaohs
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| what was government officials main job? | To assist pharaoh in his role
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| what type of families did government officials come from? | noble
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| government officials were ______, wealthy, and enjoyed _______. | 1. powerful 2. a high quality of life
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| What were three important government officials? | chief treasurer. general of the armies, vizier
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| What power did the vizier have? | more power than anyone except for the pharaohs
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| What was the vizier government officials main duty? | advise pharaoh and carry out commands
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| What was the viziers role toward other government officials? | to appoint and supervise them
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| What did the vizier serve as? | chief judge
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| How was the vizier shown as in pieces of art? | in the color of white (neutrality)
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| What was the viziers job as chief judge? | to solve toughest cases and be fair to each case
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| Name two duties of the chief treasurer. | look after governments wealth, collect taxes
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| What was the economy in ancient Egypt based on? | goods, not money
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| what did the Egyptians pay taxes in? | grain, cows, cloth, silver, and beer
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| who was the general of the armies? | top military commander and advised pharaoh inn matters of war and national security
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| what did the general of the armies help with? | making alliances with other kingdoms
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| Who led luxury? | high government officials
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| what were high government officials most? | nobles with great wealth, homes, and time to socialize
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| what banquets did high gov. officials host? | lavish banquets
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| what did the host of lavish banquets strive for? | best food
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| How did guests dress at lavish banquets? | nice; makeup, fine linen clothing, perfume, ropes of beads, etc.
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| what did the guests do? | wish the hosts long blessings and important guests given chairs with high backs
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| what gender were servants at banquets? | nearly all women
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| what generally happened at lavish banquets hosted by government officials? | musicians, dancers, and acrobats performed and guests ate with their fingers
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| children usually belonged to the same class a their parents. True or false? | true
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| what did all social classes cherish? | family life
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| in what class did Egyptians mainly marry in? | their own class
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| Children were _________ | highly valued
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| what were men in egypts daily life? | head of households and worked to support family
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| true or false? fathers often trained children at a young age to work. | true
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| what was womens role in the household? | manage home and raise children
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| women were in charge of egyptian society. true or false? | false. men were in charge of society
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| women enjoyed __________ | freedom and rights because they could own land and run businesses, ask for divorces, represent selves in legal matters, etc.
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| did women and men enjoy better quality of life the lower they were on the social pyramid? | no; the higher they were on the pyramid, the better quality life they had
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| What did high priests do? | advise pharaoh and oversaw religious ceremonies
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| What were temple priests in charge of? | the temples
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| why was the temple priests work so important? | they guarded and were in charge of the temples that the pharaohs lived in and had to protect them and take care of them
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| what were the main duties of other priests? | give advise, perform healing processes
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| could women be priestesses? | yes
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| women were considered ________ in comparison to the male gender | equal
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| what were the priestesses main duty? | oversee temples devoted to music and dancing
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| temple priests were what? | an important role in egyptian religion
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| who could enter a sanctuary in statue form? | purified preiests
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| what did a priest have to do before being purified? | avoid food associated with lower classes, bathe 3-4 times a day in holy pools, shave of all body hair, wear clothes made of linen cloth
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| what did priests oversee? | sacred embalming
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| what did the people believe gods did with the heart? | used the heart to judge the dead's souls
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| what was left in the body during embalming? | the heart
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| describe the embalming process. | 1. remove organs such as lungs, liver, and brain pulled out through nostrils
2. organs packed in jars/ dried out with natron
3. washed and oiled body after 70 days
4. wrapped in linen and decorated with jewelry & mask
5.wrapped again and gooey gum spr
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| How is the mummy buried? | 1.placed in wooden box
2.box put in stone sarcophagus
3.buried with valuables
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| what were the scribes? | official writers and record keepers
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| who did the scribes work for? | gov., priests, or nobles
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| what gender were scribes? | men
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| scribes were one of the few ways______ | men could rise above their parents class
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| what did you have to attend in order to become a scribe? | scribe school
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| what were the scribe schools run by? | priests
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| what classes usually belonged to scribe schools? | artisans, sometimes peasants, and merchant families
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| what age did children start scribe school and how long did they stay? | started at age of 5; generally went on for 12 years or more
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| scribe schools taught what? | hieroglyphs (symbols in egyptian writing)
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| what did scribes have to memorize? | over 700 hieroglyphs
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| what did scribes write on? | wood, flakes of stone, broken pottery, and if good, papyrus
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| true or false? scribes had an easy life. | false; they had a hard life of strict teachers and hours and beatings
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| what were three common jobs of the scribes? | records of grain/food supply
recorded census results
calculated taxes
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| how did scribes write? | with sharpened reeds for pens on a tablet with 2 wells of red and black ink; carried tools everywhere
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| how did scribes use papyrus to write? | used as paper; cut inner plant into strips, soaked in water, pressed together on cloth, absorbed water, then pressed to make paper
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| who were the artisans? | second to last level on social pyramid; skilled laborers who made art with very little respect
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| what were some of the artisans jobs? | carpenters, jewelers,leather/metal workers, painters. potters, sculptures, and weavers
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| what gender did the artisans usually consist of? | men
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| if women artisans were present, what would their duties be? | weave fabrics, beaded clothing, and made perfume
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| what artisans were the most skilled? | stone carvers
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| what did stone carvers make? | statues, engravings, and reliefs
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| stone carver artisans had an__________ | important role in tomb building
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| stone carving was ________ | very hard and time consuming; very hard rock and granite
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| what tools did the artisan stone carvers use? | rock to hammer initial shape and carve in details with stone tools and copper chisels; smoothed with quartz sand
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| what homes did artisans have? | modest, rectangular, and barely 10 yards long with three rooms
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| where did artisans work at? | large workshops with little breaks
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| what did artisans depend on | employers for food; often went hungry
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| what did pharaohs call the artisans for? | to work on royal projects
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| what did upper classes view the artisans as? | little more than common laborers
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| what were the peasants? | unskilled laborers with important work and large class. lowest class.
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| what did the peasants do? | grow crops that supplied food for Egypt and sometimes built monuments
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| what were the three seasons of the Nile? | flooding season, planting season, and harvest season
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| when did the flooding season take place? | june- september
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| what happened during the flooding season? | Nile River overran its banks and fertilized fields; water had to go down before farming
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| when was the planting season? | october
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| what happened during the planting season? | farmers sowed fields with seeds and worked in pairs irrigating land
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| what were the biggest crops and what were they used for during the planting season? | wheat and barley; to make bread and beer
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| when was the harvest season? | march
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| what happened during the harvest season? | family helped harvest crops, gather grain, ad cut down plants. worked dawn-dusk
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| peasants had the ______ comforts. | fewest
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| houses=? | simple, made of mud bricks and mats for furniture
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| describe the peasants diet. | very simple; rarely ate meat- in times of famine boiled papyrus plants
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| what did peasants spend most of their lives doing? | working; sometimes played river game
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| festivals were held.... | honoring gods and holidays before and after harvest
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| what reward did peasants receive after harvest season? | allowed to gather up leftover grain, but could be punished
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| what were peasants taxes paid in? | crops; if came up short they were brutally beaten.
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