Key Def. from ch. 16
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| Sympathetic Division | Preganglionic fibers from the thoracic and superor lumbar segments of the spinal cord synapse in ganglia near the spinal cord
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| Sympathetic Chain Ganglia | also called paravertebral ganglia or lateral ganglia, lie on both sides of the vertebral column. Control effectors in the body wall, inside the thoracic cavity, and in the head and limbs
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| Collateral Ganglia | also known as prevertbral ganglia, are anterior to the vertebral bodies. Innervate tissues and organs in the abdominopelvic cavity.
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| Adrenal Medullae | The center of each Adrenal Gland. Have very short axons, when stimulated they release there neurotransmitters into blood stream.Affect target cells throughout the body
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| Sympathetic nerves | Postganglionic fibers innervating structures in the thoracic cavity, such as the heart and lungs, form bundles know as...
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| Each sympathetic chain contains | 3 cevical, 10-12 thoracic, 4-5 lumbar, and 4-5 sacral ganglia plus 1 coccygeal ganglion.
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| Splanchnic nerves | Preganglionic fibers that innervate the collateral ganglia form .... Which lies in the dorsal wall of the abdominal cavity.
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| General Pattern of Collateral Ganglia | 1. a reduction of blood flow and energy use by visceral organs that are not important to short-term survival, 2. release of stored energy reserves
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| Celiac Ganglion | also called the Super Mesenteric Ganglion, Preganglionic fibers from the seven inferior thoracic segments end here. Also the ganglia are embedded in an extensive network of autonomic nerves.
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| Inferior Mesenteric Ganglion | Preganlionic fibers from the lumbar segments form splanchnic nerves that end at the....
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| A major artery supplying the stomach, spleen, and liver | Celiac Ganglion
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| Provides blood to the stomach, small intestine, and pancreas | Superior Mesenteric Ganglion
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| located at the base of the Inferior meseteric artery, which supplies the large intestine and other organs in the inferior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity | Inferior mesenteric ganglion
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| Neuroendocrine cells | The adrenal medulla is a modified sympathetic ganglion where preganglionic fibers synapse on .....
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| Varicosity | A swollen segment stemming from a axon, is packed with nerotransmitter vesciles
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| NE and E | The effects of sympathetic stimulation result primarliy from interactions with membrane receptors senstive to ....?
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| Two classes of sympathetic receptors | Alpha and Beta
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| Stimulates alpha receptors more the Beta Receptors | Norepinephrine
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| Stimulates both class of receptors | Epinephrine
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| G proteins | Alpha and Beta Receptors
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| Stimulation of alpha receptors | activates enzymes on the inside of the cell membrane
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| Stimulation of beta receptors | triggers changes in the metabolic activity of the target cell.
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| Stimulation of Beta-1receptors leads to | an increase in metabolic activity
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| Stimulation of Beta-2 recetpors leads to | or causes inhibition, triggering relaxation of smooth muscles along the respiratory tract.
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| Stimulation or function of Alpha-1 | the release of intracellular calcium ions from reserves in the Endroplasmic Reticulum
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| Stimulation of Alpha-2 resutls in | lowering of cyclic-AMP levels in the cytoplasm.
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| Cyclic-AMP (cAMP) | is an important second messenger which activate or inactivate key enzymes
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| Nicotinic Receptors | located on the surfaces of ganglion cells fo both the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions, as well as at neuromuscular junctions of the somatic nervous system.
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| Muscarinic Receptors | located in the cholinergic neuromuscular or neuroglandula junctions in the parasympathetic division
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| Alpha 1 | Escitation, stimulation of metabolism
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| Alpha 2 | Inhibition of effector cell
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| Beta 1 | Stimulation,increased energy consumption
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| Beta 2 | inhibition, relaxation
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| Nicotinic | Stimulation, excitation: muscular contraction
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| Autonomic fibers entering the thoracic cavity intersect at the | Cardiac Plexus and Pulmonary plexus
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| Esophageal Plexus contains | descending branches fo the vagus nerve and splanchnic nerves leaving the sympathetic chain or either side
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| Celiac plexus is also knowns as | solar plexus
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| inferior mesenteic plexus | innervate viscera within the abdominal cavity
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| Visceral reflexes | provide automatic motor responses that can be modified, facilitated, or inhibited by higher ceners, especially those of the hypothalamus
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| visceral reflex arc | consists of a receptor, a sensory neuron, a processing center, and two vesceral motor neurons
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| Short reflexes | involve sensory neurons and interneurons whose cell bodies are located with autonomic ganglia
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| memories | stored bits of information gathered through experince
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| Fact memories | specific bits of information, such color of a stop sign or the smell of a perfume
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| Skill memories | learned motor behaviors
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| Short-term memories | does not last long, but while it persist, the informtion can be recalled immediately
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| Long term memories | can last as long as an entire life time
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| Nucleus basalis | a cerebral nucleus near the diencephalon, plays an uncertain role in memory storage and retrieval
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