Chapter 6: Muscles
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| Contractility | The ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force
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| Excitability | The capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to stimulus.
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| Extensibility | The ability to be stretched
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| Elasticity | Ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched.
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| Yes | Do muscles help to produce heat essential for maintenance of normal body temperature
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| Epimysium | connective tissue sheath that surrounds each skeletal muscle
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| Fascia | connective tissue located outside the epimysium. surrounds and separates muscles
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| fascicle | numerous visible bundles
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| perimysium | loose connective tissue surrounds fascicle
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| fibers | single muscle cells
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| endomysium | connective tissue sheath surrounding each fiber
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| myofibrils | threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other
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| 2 major kinds of protein | actin myofilaments
myosin myofilaments
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| actin myofilaments | thin myofilaments - resemble 2 minute strands of pearls twisted together
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| myosin myofilaments | thick myofilaments - resemble bundles of minute golf clubs
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| sarcomeres | joined end to end to form the myofibril
basic structural and functional unity of the muscle
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| resting membrane potential | the charge difference across the membrane
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| action potential | brief reversal back of the charge
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| motor neurons | nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers
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| neuromuscular junction | branch that connects to the muscle near the center of the cell
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| synapse | another name for neuromuscular junction
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| motor unit | a single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates
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| presynaptic terminal | the enlarged nerve terminal
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| synaptic cleft | the space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell
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| postsynaptic terminal | muscle fiber
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| synaptic vesicles | located in the presynaptic terminal;secretes a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine
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| acetylcholine | secretion from the synaptic vesicles
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| sarcolemma | acetylcholine diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to receptor molecules in the muscle cell membrane
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| acetylcholinesterase | the acetylcholine released into the synaptic cleft between the neuron and muscle cell is rapidly broken down by an enzymes
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| sliding filament mechanism | sliding of actin myofilament past myosin myofilaments during contraction
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| muscle contraction | occurs as actin and myosin myofilaments slide past one another causing the sarcomeres to shorten
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| muscle twitch | a contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers
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| threshold | point the muscle fiber will contract maximally
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| all-or-none response | threshold phenomenon
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| lag phase | the time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction
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| contraction phase | the time of contraction
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| relaxation phase | the time during which the muscle relaxes
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| recruitment | the increase in number of motor units being activated
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| ATP (adenosine triphosphate) | needed for muscle contraction;produced in the mitochondria; short lived
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| Yes | is it necessary for muscle cells to constantly produce ATP?
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| creatine phosphate | when at rest they can't stockpile ATP but they can store another high-energy molecule
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| anaerobic respiration | without oxygen
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| aerobic respiration | with oxygen (more efficient)
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| oxygen debt | the amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose and to replenish the depleted stores of creatine phosphate stores in muscle cells
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| muscle fatigue | results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the muscle cells
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| isometric(equal distance) | the length of the muscle does not change, but the amount increases during the contraction process
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| isotonic(equal tension) | the amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during contraction, but the length of the muscle changes
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| muscle tone | muscle tone refers to constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time. keeps head up and back straight
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| fast-twitch fibers | contract quickly and fatigue quickly;well adapted to perform anaerobic metabolism
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| slow-twitch fibers | contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue. better suited for aerobic metabolism
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| Ex. white meat of a chickens breast | fast-twitch fibers
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| Ex. dark meat of a duck's breast or the legs of a chicken | slow-twitch fibers
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| origin(head) | the most stationary end of the muscle
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| insertion | the end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement
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| belly | portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion
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| synergists | muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements
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| antagonists | muscles that work in opposition to one another
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| prime mover | synergists;the major role in accomplishing the desired movement
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| erector spinae | group of muscles on each side of the back; responsible for keeping the back straight and the body erect.
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| thoracic muscles | muscles that move the thorax
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| external intercostals | elevate the ribs during inspiration
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| internal intercostals | contract during forced expiration
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| diaphragm | accomplished quiet breathing; dome-shaped muscle
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| abdominal wall muscles | the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall flex and rotate the vertebral column, compress the abdominal activity, and hold in the abdominal viscera
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| linea alba | tendinous area of the abdominal wall which consists of white connective tissue rather than muscle
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| rectus abdominis | on each side of the linea alba
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| tendinous inscriptions | cross the rectus abdominis at three or more locations, causing the abdominal wall of a well-muscled person to appear segmented
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| trapezius | rotates scapula
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| serratus anterior | pulls scapula anteriorly
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| pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi muscles | attatches arm to the thorax
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| pectoralis major | adducts and flexes the arm
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| latissimus dorsi | medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm "swimmer arm"
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| deltoid | attaches the humerus to the scapula and clavicle, and is the major abductor of the upper limb
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| triceps brachii | extends forearm
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| biceps brachii | flexes the forearm
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| brachioradialis | flexes and supinates the forearm
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| tetany | where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing
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