US History - chapter 30 - Vietnam War Years
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| What country ruled Vietnam from 1800 to WWII? | France
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| Why were the Vietnam people torked off against the French? | They took their farmland and built large plantations, took their rice & rubber
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| Leader of the Indochinese Communist Party | Ho Chi Minh
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| What organization did the Vietnamese communists (and other orgs) form to get independence? | the Vietminh
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| When did Vietnam become independent? | When the Allies defeated Japan in WWII (1945)
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| When the French troops moved in to take Vietnam back, which part did they take control of? | South Vietnam
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| Who gave Ho Chi Minh $$$ during WWII to fight the Japanese? | USA
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| who gave the French $$$ to fight Ho Chi Minh in the early 1950's ? | USA
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| How did Ike describe the countries on the brink of communism in 1954 ? | The Domino Theory
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| at what outpost did the Vietminh overrun the French in 1954 ? | Dien Bien Phu
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| What was the peace agreement called? | Geneva Accords
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| Where was the line drawn in the Geneva Accords? | the 17th parallel
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| Capital of North Vietnam | Hanoi
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| Capital of South Vietnam | Saigon
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| South Vietnam's president in the 1950's | Ngo Dinh Diem
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| Why was Ho Chi Minh popular among the people? | He gave land back to the peasants
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| Communist opposition group in South Vietnam that assassinated hundreds of South Vietnamese officials | Vietcong
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| Later name of the Vietcong | National Liberation Front (NLF)
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| How did Ho Chi Minh get military supplies to the Vietcong (from North to South Vietnam) ? | on the Ho Chi Minh Trail
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| What countries borders did the Ho Chi Minh Trail go along? | Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia
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| Why were the people not happy with Ngo Dinh Diem? | he didn't give their land back (Like HCM did), he restricted Buddhist practices, he moved people out of their villages to protected areas
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| how was Ngo Dinh Diem taken care of ? | US supported military coup killed him (they weren't supposed to)
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| What did the US Congress adopt to give LBJ military powers in Vietnam ? | the Tonkin Gulf Resolution
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| What led to the Tonkin Gulf Resolution? | North Vietnamese attacks on US ships (Maddox and Turner)
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| What was the vote on the Tonkin Gulf Resolution? | 414-0 in the House and 88-2 in the Senate
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| Who was Secretary of Defense under LBJ? | Robert McNamara
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| Who was Secretary of State under LBJ ? | Dean Rusk
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| Who was the American commander in South Vietnam? | General William Westmoreland
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| What did General Westmoreland think of the S. Vietnam Army ? | They 'cannot stand up to the pressure without substantial US combat support on the ground'
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| What advantages did the Vietcong have in battles? | More used to the jungle; they could blend in with citizens, they had tunnels
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| What was the abbreviation for the South Vietnam army ? | ARVN
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| What was the gasoline-based bomb that the US used to try to expose Vietcong hideouts and tunnels? | Napalm
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| What was the leaf-killing toxic chemical used to kill vegetation? | Agent Orange
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| What did the US launch to try to root out Vietcong supporters? | Search-and-destroy missions
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| How did the US pay for the Vietnam War ? | (1) increased taxes (2) cut spending on Great Society
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| What did critics say was causing the difference between what LBJ's administration said was happening and what was really happening? | Credibility gap
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| Why was US troop morale low ? | (1) didn't know where the enemy was (2) land mines (3) Vietcong wouldn't give up, no matter how many killed
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| Why was the US unsuccessful in winning the 'hearts and minds' of the S. Vietnamese people ? | The use of napalm and Agent Orange, and Search-and-Destroy missions
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| Did the people in the US support the war (through 1967 ?) | yes, but they noticed the TV reports were different than what the govn't said was happening
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| What is the formal name of "The Draft" | The Selective Service System"
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| What was a person called that was exempted from battle because of religious or moral beliefs? | Conscientious Objectors (CO's)
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| What were some ways to avoid Vietnam (legally) ? | Join the National Guard or Coast Guard; go to college, claim medical deferments
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| on average, describe the troops that fought in Vietnam | Working class or poorer; more African-Americans; Men
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| What was the youth movement called in the 1960's ? | The New Left
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| What 'New Left' organization was formed at the Univ of Michigan by Tom Hayden and Al Haber | Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)
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| What 'New Left' organization was formed at UC-Berkeley? | Free Speech Movement (FSM)
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| What did the FSM battle, at first ? | issues of free speech on college campuses
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| What change in college deferments did the LBJ administration make in 1966 ? | you had to be a student in good academic standing to keep your deferment
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| What organization called for civil disobedience at Selective Service centers and oounseled students to flee to Canada and Switzerland ? | SDS
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| What was Americans who believed the US should withdraw from Vietnam called ? | Doves
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| What were Americans who believe the US should use greater military force called ? | Hawks
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| What happened January 1968 ? | Tet Offensive
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| Where did Tet Offensive occur ? | Cities of South Vietnam
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| Robert McNamara's replacement | Clark Clifford
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| What did Clark Clifford think of the Vietnam War ? | Before: strong supporter of LBJ After: "a sinkhole - no end in sight"
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| Strong anti-war critic of LBJ that ran for democratic nomination for President in 1968 | Eugene McCarthy
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| Popular democrat that (at first) decided not to run for President for party loyalty reasons | Robert Kennedy
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| Surprise announcement by LBJ in March, 1968 | He will not run for reelection
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| What happened in the Ambassador Hotel (LA) in June 1968 ? | Robert Kennedy Assassinated by Sirhan Sirhan
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| Where was the Democratic National Convention in 1968 ? | Chicago
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| Who were the two main candidates at the Chicago convention ? | Eugene McCarthy and Hubert Humphrey
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| Describe the 1968 Chicago covention | Outside: Chaos Inside: Chaos
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| Who was the democratic nominee of the 1968 Chicago convention? | Hubert Humphrey
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| Who was the Republican nominee for president in 1968 ? | Richard Nixon
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| Who won the presidential election in 1968, against who ? | Nixon, over Humphrey and Wallace. (Nixon was helped by Wallace due to taking votes away from HHH)
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| What was Nixon's plan called to pull out of Vietnam? | Vietnamization
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| Describe Vietnamization | US troops leave; South Vietnam troops take on more active combat role.
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| Nixon's buzzwords for his plan to pull out of Vietnam | "Peace with Honor"
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| Who did Nixon appeal to, to get support for his war policies? | The Silent Majority
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| What event was led my Lt. William Calley ? | the My Lai Massacre
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| What MAJOR military action did Nixon order without the notification of Congress | invasion of Cambodia
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| What did the invasion of Cambodia trigger on college campuses ? | Demonstrations; student strike; shootings
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| At what college campus did National Guard troops shoot at students? | Kent State in Ohio (4 dead)
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| What documents were leaked out in 1971 regarding the government's plans in Vietnam? | The Pentagon Papers
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| What effect did the Pentagon Papers have on public opinion ? | confirmed the belief that the government had not been honest about the war intentions
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| Who was Nixon's top negotiator in Vietnam? | Henry Kissinger
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| Kissinger's famous statement in Oct 1972 | "Peace is at hand"
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| What happened after the US pulled out of South Vietnam ? | North Vietnam invaded the south. In April 1975 South Vietnam surrendered "The Fall of Saigon"
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| Who was president after Nixon, and why ? | Gerald Ford, who was Nixon's VP, because Nixon resigned due to Watergate scandal
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| What was the biggest unintended consequence of the invasion of Cambodia? | The Khmer Rouge rose to power
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| What legislation was passed in response to the Vietnam War? | War Powers Act
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| What 2 major points did the War Powers Act make? | (1) President must inform Congress within 48 hours if US troops are sent into a hostile area (2) troops can remain there no longer than 90 days without congressional approval
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| What great movement of people happened after the Vietnam War ? | 1.5 million people fled the country (many were 'boat people') many came to the US
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| What did the Khmer Rouge do to Cambodia ? | Killed 2 million Cambodians; executed many govt officials
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