US History - chapter 29 - Civil Rights
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| 1896 Supreme Court decision regarding LA railroads | Plessy v Ferguson
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| Summarize Plessy v Ferguson in 3 words | "Separate but Equal"
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| What happened mid-20th century to begin to change racial attitudes | WWII - whites fought alongside blacks
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| An NAACP lawyer that argued 32 supreme court cases, winning 29 | Thurgood Marshall
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| What was Thurgood Marshall's highest position ? | Supreme Court Justice
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| What was Thurgood Marshall's largest victory in front of the Supreme Court ? | Brown v. BOE
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| What is Rosa Parks known for ? | refusing to give up her seat on a bus
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| Where did Rosa Parks stage her protest (City, State) | Montgomery, AL
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| What did blacks do in response to Rosa Parks incident ? | started the Montgomery Bus Boycott
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| Who led the Montgomery Improvement Association to lead the bus boycott? | Dr. MLK, Jr.
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| What organization did MLK,Jr. found ? | Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
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| Who made up the SCLC? | more than 100 ministers and Civil Rights leaders
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| Organization of college students formed to protest segregation | Student NonViolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
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| What does SNCC stand for ? | Student NonViolent Coordinating Committee
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| What kind of protests did SNCC organize (how did they protest ?) | sit-ins
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| Where were the most famous sit-ins ? | Lunch Counters
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| What did Brown v. BOE overturn ? | Separate but Equal (Plessy)
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| Summarize Brown v. Board in 6 words _____ ______ ____ are ______ ______ | Separate Educational Facilities are Inherently unequal
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| Who was chief supreme court justice during Civil Rights Era ? | Earl Warren
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| Group formed by CORE to test Supreme Court decisions in Southern states | Freedom Riders
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| What was necessary for the Freedom Riders to get to their destinations? | Federal Marshals
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| Who was Attorney General during the Freedom Rider campaign? | Robert Kennedy
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| Air Force veteran that was rejected from a southern university after he won a federal court case | James Meredith
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| What southern university was James Meredith rejected from ? | Ole Miss
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| Civil Rights bill the guaranteed equal access to all public accomodations | Civil Rights act of 1964
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| Large march held in Aug, 1963 | March on Washington
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| Famous Speech given at the March on Washington | "I have a dream"
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| Campaign to register blacks to vote in Mississippi | Freedom Summer
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| What summer was the Freedom Summer? | 1964
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| Who led the Freedom Summer in Mississippi? | Robert Moses
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| new political party organized by SNCC | MFDP (Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party)
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| Famous voice of the MFDP | Fannie Lou Hamer
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| Why did young people in SNCC and MFDP feel betrayed by civil rights leaders? | The civil rights leaders made deals and compromises in order to maintain political support among whites
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| Law that eliminated literacy tests at the polls | Voting Rights Act of 1965
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| Type of segregation that was a problem in the North | de facto segregation
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| Segregation by law | de jure segregation
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| Segregation when a law against segregation is in place | de facto segregation
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| African American civil rights leader who believed that AA's should fight back when unlawfully attacked | Malcolm X
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| Why is Malcolm X's name "X" | he rejected his 'slave name' (Little)
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| What religious teachings did Malcolm X follow? | Nation of Islam
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| Famous catch-phrase used by Malcolm X | "Ballots or Bullets"
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| SNCC leader who was arrested for setting up a tent ion the grounds of an all-black high school | Stokely Carmichael
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| Famous catch-phrase used by Stokely Carmichael | Black Power
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| What did MLK, Jr. think of "Black Power" | It shouldn't be used because it provokes violence and antagonizes whites
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| Political party which advocated African- Americans taking control of communities | The Black Panthers
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| What year was MLK, Jr. assassinated...where, and by who? | 1968, by James Earl Ray in Memphis, TN
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| Commission set up by LBJ to study Urban violence | the Kerner Commission
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| Cause of urban violence, per Kerner Commission report | White Racism
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| Law that banned discrimination in housing | Civil Rights Act of 1968
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| Name two migrations of people before and during the civil rights era | After WWII, Blacks moved north after WWII, and whites moved out of cities to suburbs ("White Flight")
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| Where in the country were most of the race riots ? | Major cities; LA, Detroit, New York
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| What did MLK blame for taking money away from the Great Society? | Vietnam war
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| Name 4 important leaders that were assassinated in the 1960s | JFK, MLK,Jr, Robert Kennedy, Malcolm X
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| First Civil Rights Act that was declared unconstitutional by Supreme Court | Civil Rights Act of 1875 (Supreme Court ruled in 1883)
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| Nickname for laws passed because of Plessy | Jim Crow Laws
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| Laws that restricted social contact, black facilities often inferior | Jim Crow Laws
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| What was the effect (race-wise) of WWII (during war) | demands for labor helped equalize urban areas
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| Organization formed in 1909 that trained lawyers and tested legal segregation | NAACP
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| Decision that state law school must admit blacks | Sweatt v. Painter
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| Brown v. Board - Board of what city, state? | Topeka, KS
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| What did the NAACP decide to focus on ? | Education
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| what was the unintended consequence of Brown v. Board ? | KKK reappeared, white citizens councils sprouted
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| What happened in Little Rock in 1957 ? | Gov. Faubus order national guard to turn away 9 students
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| Girl that walked to school alone in Little Rock | Elizabeth Eckford
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| Reaction of Pres Eisenhower to Little Rock crisis | Sent 1000 paratroopers
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| How long did Montgomery Bus Boycott last ? Was it violent or nonviolent? | 381 days, nonviolent
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| How did the Montgomery Bus Boycott end ? | Federal court order
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| who were some nonviolent resistance leaders in history ? | Jesus, Thoreau, A. Philip Randolph, Gandhi
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| Who organized the March on Washington? | A. Philip Randolph
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| Where did the SNCC organize ? | Shaw University, Raleigh, NC
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| Who helped organize the SNCC | Ella Baker
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| What famous event was organized by CORE in 1942 ? | first sit-in (Chicago)
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| What famous sit-in happened in NC (where were students from ?) | Woolworth lunch counter in Greensboro. Students from NC A&T
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| What happened to Woolworths as a result of how they handled the sit-in in Greensboro? | Woolworths up north were picketed
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| What is a "Soul Force" ? | Another name for nonviolent protest used in civil rights era
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| What was result of first Freedom Ride? | James Peck was beaten and a bus was firebombed
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| What happened in Birmingham to the Freedom Ride? | Police Chief (Bull Conner) stopped them and his men beat the riders and took them to TN
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| Who convinced the bus company to make the driver of the bus continue the trip ? | Attorney General RFK
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| Were the Freedom Riders safe after RFK assured them they would be protected ? | No, they were attacked again. RFK then sent Federal Marshals
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| What city in AL had a bad reputation for racial violence (18 bombings 1957-63) ? | Birmingham
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| What famous letter was written by MLK from AL ? When ? | "Letter from Birmingham Jail", in April 1963
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| After "Letter from Birmingham Jail" was published, what happened ? | 1000 children marched; Bull Conner arrested 1959 of them. Next day fire hoses & attack dogs and clubs were used on the protesters (on national TV)
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| Who was the Governor of Alabama ? | George Wallace
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| George Wallace's famous saying | "Segregation Now.. Segregation Tomorrow.. Segregation Forever"
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| In June 1963, JFK used federal troops to desegregate what university ? | University of Alabama
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| The same night that JFK gave a famous speech demanding civil rights legislation, who was murdered in Jackson, MS ? Who was he? | Medgar Evers; NAACP field secretary and WWII vet
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| Who murdered Medgar Evers ? Was he convicted (immediately) ? | Byron de la Beckwith. yes, but only after two 'hung' juries (in 1994)
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| What happened two weeks after March on Washington at a church in Birmingham ? | 4 little girls killed in a bombing
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| What percent of blacks did not vote before the "Freedom Summer" ? | 90%
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| Who were Michael Schwerner, Andrew Goodman, and James Chaney ? | Freedom Summer recruiters that disappeared in June 1964
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| What were the violent results of Freedom Summer? | 4 dead, 4 critically wounded, 80 beaten, dozens of churches bombed
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| Where did Fannie Lou Hamer give her famous speech? | At the Democratic National Convention
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| Who worked out a compromise with the MFDP at the DNC ? | LBJ
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| What did the MFDP receive as a result of the LBJ compromise ? | 2 seats at convention and promise to ban discrimination at next convention in 1968
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| Was Fannie Lou Hamer and teh SNCC happy about the LBJ compromise? | No.. this was the beginning of factions in the movement
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| Who was shot in Selma in 1965 (a protester) | Jimmie Lee Jackson
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| what did MLK, Jr. do in response to killing of Jimmie Lee Jackson in Selma? | organized a march from Selma to Montgomery
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| Which Civil Rights Act estabished a Federal Commission on civil rights and set up a civil rights division in the DOJ to enforce it ? | 1957
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| Which civil rights act banned discrimination in public accomodations, gave the feds more power in school desegration, and established the EEOC ? | 1964
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| What Act eliminated voter literacy tests and enabled federal examiners to register voters? | Voting Rights Act of 1965
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| Which civil rights act prohibited discrimination in sale and rental of housing ? | 1968
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| Where in NYC were riots in 1964 ? | Harlem
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| Where was the major riot in California ? (city & neighborhood) | LA - Watts neighborhood
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| What year had the most urban violence (more than 100 cities) | 1967
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| Urban Violence - what was the cause besides political and oppression ? | Economic
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| what was the movement called where blacks to control their own communities, business, & culture ? | "Black Pride"
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| Did Malcolm X agree with ending segregation? | No, he was for "separatism"
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| Where did Malcolm X go in 1964 (which changed some of his attitudes) | Mecca
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| When was Malcolm X assassinated ? | 1965
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| Who did Stokely Carmichael want SNCC to stop recruiting ? | Whites
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| Group started by Huey Newton & Bobby Seale, who urged blacks to control their own communities? | Black Panthers
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| What year was the big "turning point" in civil rights? | 1968
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| Who assassinated RFK ("Bobby") ? when ? | Sirhan Sirhan (1968)
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| By 1970, what percentage of blacks could vote? | 66%
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| What was the increase in number of blacks in elected office from 1965 to 1992> | 300 to 7,000
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| Did the schools become more and more integrated from the mid 60's to the '90's ? | No.. due to "White Flight" 75% of blacks in the North and 50% in the south attended predominantly black schools
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| What programs did the government start in the 1960's to try to make up for past discrimination? | Affirmative Action programs
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| What challenge was faced in the 1970's to Affirmative Action? | "Reverse Discrimination"
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| What was the reaction to MLK, Jr. assassination? | 125 cities exploded in flames due to riots
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