17.1--Spinal Cord Anatomy
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| Vertebral Column | Protects against blows or bumps on the spinal cord
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| Meninges | Three protective connective tissue coverings that encircle spinal cord and brain. Superficial to deep: dura mater, arcachnoid mater, pia mater.
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| Leptomeninges | Arachnoid mater and pia mater
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| Subarachnoid Space | Between leptomeninges; contains cerebrospinal fluid
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| Spinal meninges | Surrounds spinal cord
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| Cranial Meninges | continuous with spinal; encircles brain
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| Epidural Space | Between dura mater and wall of vertebral column; cushion of fat and connective tissue
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| Dura Mater | Thick strong layer; dense irregular connective tissue; continuous with brain meninges until second sacral vertebra
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| Arachnoid Mater | Middle of meningeal membranes; thin, avascular covering comprised of cells and thin, loose arrays of collagen; between dura and arachnoid is subdural space
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| Pia Mater | Thin transparent connective tissue; adheres to surface of spinal cord and brain. Thin squamous to cuboidal cells within collagen and fine elastic fibers. Many blood vessels that provide oxygen and nutrients to spine
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| Denticulate ligaments | Thickening extensions of pia mater; project laterally and fuse with arachnoid mater. Protect spinal cord from sudden displacement
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| Spinal Cord | Oval in shape; extends from medulla oblongata to second lumbar vertebra
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| Cervical Enlargement | C4-->T1; Upper limb nerves. Superior enlargement
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| Lumbar Enlargement | T9-->T12; Lower limb nerves. Inferior
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| Conus Medullaris | Termination point of cord. Ends at L1, L2.
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| Filum Terminale | Extension of pia mater that extends inferiorly and fuses with arachnoid mater and dura mater to anchor spinal cord to coccyx
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| Cauda Equina | Roots of lower spinal nerves (lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal) angle inferiourly and end in wisps of threads. Because spinal cord is shorter than vertebral column
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