MCAT Biology (VL)
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| show | 4H
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| show | Feedback inhibition by G6P
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| show | Feedback inhibition by ATP
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| show | Stimulated by AMP
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| Prosthetic group | show 🗑
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| Co-Factor | show 🗑
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| show | Acetyl CoA (2) + OAA (4) = Citrate (6)
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| show | Primarily in the liver and slightly in the kidneys
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| AA catabolism | show 🗑
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| show | 5' to 3'
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| Helix repeats every (# bp, and angstroms) | show 🗑
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| show | 3.4 angstroms
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| Transition vs. transversion | show 🗑
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| Prokaryote polymerase that lays down primers | show 🗑
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| DNA pol I | show 🗑
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| DNA pol II | show 🗑
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| DNA pol III | show 🗑
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| Names for non-transcribed strand | show 🗑
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| Prokaryote promoter | show 🗑
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| RNA polymerase closed vs. open complex | show 🗑
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| show | Initiation at P site, entrance of tRNA to A site, and translocation to E
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| show | 4N
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| show | Adsorption and eclipse
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| show | Productive cycle. It doesn't destroy cells
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| show | Bacteria, archaebacteria and cyanobacteria
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| show | D, we use L
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| Flagella in prokaryotes vs eukaryotes | show 🗑
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| Facultative anaerobes | show 🗑
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| Two parts of the fungi thallus and their role | show 🗑
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| show | Detoxification, glycogen breakdown, some glycosylation, disulfide bond formation
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| Roles of Golgi body | show 🗑
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| Proteins from free ribosomes go to | show 🗑
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| Localization sequence | show 🗑
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| Roles of peroxisome | show 🗑
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| show | For RER proteins going places besides plasma membrane or ECM
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| show | In the RER
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| Crinophagy | show 🗑
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| show | Unsaturated increases fluidity. Cholesterol prevents extremes. Longer chains decrease fluidity.
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| show | Phospholipase C. It results in increased cytoplasmic Ca
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| show | a and B tubulin. Centrioles (9 triplets). Flagella and cilia (9+ 2 arrangement). Mediate transport of substances (microtubule rod across axon terminus). Less permanent.
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| show | Actin. Gross movements. Cytokinesis and amoeboid movement. Smallest.
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| show | Expression of one gene depends on another
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| show | 60 kDa
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| show | Serine, Threonine and tyrosine
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| show | Tyrosine
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| Contents of desmosome | show 🗑
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| Anagenesis | show 🗑
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| Age of the earth | show 🗑
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| When did life on planet start? | show 🗑
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| show | H2O, CO, CO2, N2
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| Energy for spontaneous (abiotic) synthesis of monomers | show 🗑
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| Proteinoids | show 🗑
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| Coacervate | show 🗑
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| show | Microspheres, liposomes, coecervates
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| Myelination | show 🗑
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| show | Absolute (inactivation of Na channel, won't fire at all) and relative (hyperpolarization)
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| show | Temporal summation (rapid firing from one neuron keeps adding up to the threshold) and spatial (all postsynaptic potentials are summed up and add to the treshold)
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| show | Induces urination
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| Nuclei vs ganglia | show 🗑
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| Three parts of the brain | show 🗑
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| What does the spinal cord control | show 🗑
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| Medulla | show 🗑
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| Pons | show 🗑
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| show | Relay visual and auditory information
Reticular activating system (wakefulness and arousal).
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| Diencephalon | show 🗑
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| show | Left - speech
Right - visual, spatial reasoning and music
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| show | Oreo. Grey outside and white inside.
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| show | Voluntary movement, complex reasoning skills and problem solving
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| show | Hearing and smell. Short term memory.
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| Parietal | show 🗑
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| show | Grey matter soma. Broadly functions in regulating body movement.
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| show | Between cerebrum and diencephalon. Amygdala, cingulate gyrus and hippocampis
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| How many cranial and spinal nerves? | show 🗑
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| All somatic motor neurons.... | show 🗑
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| show | The somatic sensory system includes the sensations of touch, pressure, vibration, limb position, heat, cold, and pain.
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| show | Long dendrites
Soma in dorsal root ganglion
First synapse always in CNS (brain or spinal cord)
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| Dorsal root ganglion | show 🗑
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| All autonomic pre-gangliotic neurons release | show 🗑
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| show | Thoracic or lumbar (sympathetic system is thoracolumbar system)
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| show | Brain stem or spinal cord (parasympathetic = craniosacral)
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| show | ACh
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| show |
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| How many neurons does the sympathetic/paraympathetic efferent system has | show 🗑
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| Autonomic PNS efferent pre-ganlionic soma is | show 🗑
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| All autonomic pre-gangliotic neurons release | show 🗑
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| show | long for para (ganglia far from cord), short for symp (ganglia close to cord)
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| show | Glucocorticoids (main one is cortisol) and mineralcorticoid (main one is aldosterone)
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| show | Sympathetic NS. Post ganglionic neurons
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| show | Epinephrine. Modified NE.
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| Pacinian corpuscles | show 🗑
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| Vestibular hair cells | show 🗑
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| show | Bitter is base, sour is acid
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| Pitch vs. loudness | show 🗑
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| Linear and saccule are involved in | show 🗑
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| show | Cornea is continuous with sclera. Outer to inner is sclera --> choroid --> retina
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| Chambers of the eye | show 🗑
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| Rod and cons connection to optic nerve | show 🗑
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| Optic disk | show 🗑
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| Photoreceptors | show 🗑
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| Myopia | show 🗑
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| show | Diverging. )(.
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| show | Farnightedness. Focuses after retina. Corrected by convex (converging) lense ()
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| show | Converging. (). V
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| show | Ischemia is inadequate flow (waste buildup and no nutrient). Hypoxia is just no oxygen (waste is removed and other nutrients come in)
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| Mitral valve | show 🗑
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| show | Dub-lub. Ventricle is relazed. Atrium contract.
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| Systole | show 🗑
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| Tricuspid | show 🗑
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| Stroke Volume | show 🗑
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| Cardiac output | show 🗑
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| Two ways to increase cardiac output | show 🗑
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| Frank Starling mechanism | show 🗑
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| How to increase venous return for Frank Starling mechanism | show 🗑
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| Two results from plateu in heart muscle cells | show 🗑
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| show | Right atrium
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| show | Has the most Na leak channels
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| show | Because AP goes more slowly through atrium than the internodal path, so ventricle would've contracted first
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| show | Ca channel instead of Na. Has automatic slow depolarization (spintaneous).
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| show | deltaPressure = Q(bloodflow)*R
Pressure increased by increasing force of contraction. Peripheral resistance determined by contraction of precapillary sphincters
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| Control of peripheral resistance | show 🗑
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| Sphygmomanometer | show 🗑
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| show | Relaxation. Basis for coronary blood vessles, overides nervous input.
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| show | Na, K, Cl, Ca and Mg
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| show | CO2 + H2O --> H2CO3 --> H+ and HCO3-
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| Normal hematocrit | show 🗑
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| show | Liver --> spleen --> bone marrow
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| show | Dominant
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| show | Most abundant to least abundant
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| show | Fibrinogen --> fibrin by thrombin
Ca and vitamin K accessory proteins involved
Fibrin is threadline mesh
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| Thrombolus | show 🗑
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| show | Tense is not O bound, relaxed is O bound
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| show | Tense - low pH, high pCO2, high temp
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| CO2 transportation | show 🗑
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| show | Yep
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| show | Yes. Larger lymphatic ducts.
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| show | Capillaries --> lymphatic vessels --> lymphatic ducts (filter through lymph nodes) --> large veins
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| Role of lymphatic system | show 🗑
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| Humoral response involves protection by ____ | show 🗑
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| show | Activation of complement system
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| T helper cells (CD and MHC) | show 🗑
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| show | CD8. Cytotoxic T cells. MCH I. Destroy abnormal host cells (virus infected, foreign, tumor). Respond to endogenous antigens.
Perforin and grazyme. Induce apoptosis also.
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| What cells have MHCII | show 🗑
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| Spleen and immune system | show 🗑
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| Colon role | show 🗑
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| Two roles of liver in excretion) | show 🗑
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| What do the kidneys excrete | show 🗑
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| show | Medullary pyramids (many collecting ducts) --> papilla (tip of pyramid) --> calyx ---> renal pelvis
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| show | Lines capilaries of the glomerulus
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| show | Medullary pyramids (many collecting ducts) --> papilla (tip of pyramid) --> calyx ---> renal pelvis
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| Glomerular basement membrane | show 🗑
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| show | Renal artery --> afferent arteriole --> glomerulus capillaries --> efferent arterioles (constrict for leaking to occur). Peritubular capillaries pick up the reabsorption by active transport.
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| Regulation of reabsorption at the level of the PCT | show 🗑
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| show | Along the DCT and collecting duct. Active transport usually. Back up method to make sure everything is removed (this is now drugs and toxins are removed)
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| show | vASOPRESSIN
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| show | Response to low blood volume, high blood osmolarity, and low BP. Released by posterior pituitary. Makes DCT and CT permeable to water.
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| show | Released by adrenal cortex in response to low BP, low blood volume, low osmolarity, AND ANGIOTENSIN II. Increase Na reabsorption by distal nephron.
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| Diuresis | show 🗑
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| Loop of Helen | show 🗑
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| show | Ascending vasa recta near descending limb ready to reabsorb the water it lost
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| Juxtaglomerular apparatus | show 🗑
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| How is angiotensin II made and what does it do? | show 🗑
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| Macula densa | show 🗑
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| show | pH high, HCO3- excreted. pH low, H + excreted.
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| show | RBC and epithelial cells of nephron. Convert CO2 into H2CO3
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| show | peptides. Aldosterone. Steroid.
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| show | Made by C cells in the thyroid gland. Remove Ca from blood by depositing it in bone, reducing absorption in the gut and inducing excretion in urine.
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| show | Released by parathyroid glands (theres 4), increase Ca by inducing reabsorption, mobilizing it from bone and induce retention from urine.
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| EPO is produced in response ? and its role? | show 🗑
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| Ptyalin | show 🗑
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| show | Pancreas
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| Purpose of the two layers of muscle in GI | show 🗑
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| What determines GI motility | show 🗑
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| Two principal cells in pancreas | show 🗑
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| show | In mouth, lingual lipase.
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| show | 2
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| Parietal cells | show 🗑
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| Chief cells | show 🗑
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| Control of the pyloric sphincter | show 🗑
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| G cells | show 🗑
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| show | Inhibited by large chyme ball in small intestine, stretching of duodenum, excess acidicity in duodenum. Mediated by NS and cholecystokinin.
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| show | Secrete gastrin. Stimulate chief and parietal cells. Stimulates production of histamine
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| Histamine | show 🗑
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| show | Collections of lymphocytes dotting villi, monitor GI contants. Found in ileum.
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| What are the two ducts that empty in duodenum | show 🗑
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| show | HCO3-
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| show | Duodenal enterokinase. Activates trypsinogen.
Brush border enzyme for disaccharides and peptides.
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| show | Cholecystokinin (CCK)
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| show | Released by duodenum in response to chyme in duodeunm. Induces release of pancreatic digestive enzymes, gall bradder contraction, decreased gastric motility and relazed pyrolic sphincter
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| show | Response to acid in duodenum. Induces pancreas to release HCO3-. Released by duodenum.
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| Enterogastrone | show 🗑
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| Ileum particular absorption | show 🗑
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| Bacteria in colon particularly important for this vitamin | show 🗑
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| Pancreatic proteases | show 🗑
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| show | A cells (glucagon), B cells (insulin) and G cells (somatostatin, inhibits digestion)
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| Three hormones that raise blood glucose and type | show 🗑
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| show | Bile acids, cholesterol, and bilirubin (RBC heme breakdown)
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| show | Albumin, globulin, fibrinogen, clotting factors
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| show | Secondary transport, into capillaries by facilitated diffusion
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| Take up of AA by intestinal epithelium | show 🗑
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| show | Simple diffusion!
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| show | Fat soluble - require bile to solubilize ad be absorbed, excess is stored in adipose tissue
Water soluble - excreted in urine
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| Abducting | show 🗑
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| Epimyum, perimyum and endomyum | show 🗑
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| show | What gives striated appearance to skeletal muscle cells
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| Sarcolemma | show 🗑
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| show | myosin, and thin filaments are actin.
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| show | Cross bridge - myosin bound to ADP binds actin
Power stroke - Myosin moves to lower E state, oulling actin, ADP released.
Release of actin - ATP binds, actin is released
Cocking head - ATP hydrolyzes, myosin back to high E
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| What is needed for contractile cycle to occur in vitro | show 🗑
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| show | The myofiber cell membrane
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| show | Smallest measurable EPP (end plate potential) caused by single ACh vesicle
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| show | Enfolds each myofibril, stores/releases Ca.
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| Do inhibitory neurons innervate neuromuscular junction | show 🗑
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| How to increse force of contraction | show 🗑
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| show | 2.2 microns
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| Creatine phosphate | show 🗑
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| show | Both - striaed, t tubules, troponin and tropomyosin, length-tension (although more important fro cardiac since skeletal is fixed)
Difference - cardiac is FUNCTIONAL syncytial, has intercalated disks, branching, ACh is inhibitory, Ca channels
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| Smooth vs skeletal | show 🗑
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| show | Calmodulin binds Ca and activates MLCK, which phosphorylates/activates myosin
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| show | SR stores some Ca but relies on extracytoplasmic Ca
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| show | AP is similar to the ones of cardiac muscle cells with less sharp spike since they have less fast channels
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| show | Don't have sodium fast channels to they rely on slow ones. Slow waves help coordinate AP because parasympathetic NS primes the smooth muscle bringing it closer to threshold and waves push it over
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| Amplitude of slow wave is increased by ___ and decreased by ___ | show 🗑
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| Hematopoeisis occurs mainly in ____ bones | show 🗑
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| show | Skul, vertebral column and rib cage
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| Loose connective tissue | show 🗑
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| show | Large amount of collagen, Bones, tendons, and ligaments
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| show | Spongy bone in flat bones
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| show | In shafts of long bones
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| show | Spikes of bone that surround marrow cavities in spongy bone
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| show | Osteon, basic unit of bone structure.
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| show | In the center of each osteon. Lymph, blood vessles and nerves. Connected to lacunae by canaliculi extentions
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| Perforating (volkmann's canals) | show 🗑
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| Where does cartilage tissue get nutrition from? | show 🗑
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| show | Hyalin (larynx, trachea, articular cartilage, epiphyseal plate and skull cartilage), elastic cartilage contains elastin (outer ear and epiglottis), and fibrous (pubic symphysis and intervertebral disks)
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| show | Ligaments, tendons.
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| show | Periosteum and perichondrium, dermis
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| Three types of joints | show 🗑
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| All diathrosis joints | show 🗑
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| show | Joints that are diathrosis.
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| Two types of ossification | show 🗑
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| Larynx if made entirely of | show 🗑
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| Which parts of the repspiratory trees have smooth muscle | show 🗑
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| show | Yep
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| show | Tall columnar with goblet cells
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| Type I alveolar cells | show 🗑
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| Type II alveolar cells | show 🗑
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| Inspiration a passive or active process? Experiation? | show 🗑
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| show | Parietal and visceral. Pleural space between with thin layer of fluid to keep things together by tension.
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| show | Muslce between ribs, they contract during inspiration to pull the rubs upwards and expand chest
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| show | Forced exhalation. Contraction of abdominal muscle push diaphragm upwards
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| show | Diaphragm contracts and lungs expands, thereby pulling lungs with it
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| show | End of expiration, when air neither enters or exits and after inspiration before expiration begins
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| show | Amount of air in normal breathing. 10% of total volume of the lungs
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| show | Volume of air that could be expelled after passive expiration
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| show | Amount of air taht could be inhaled after passive inhalation
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| show | Volume of air that can be inhaled after resting experiation
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| Inpiratory capacity (IC) | show 🗑
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| Residual volume | show 🗑
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| show | Maximum amount of air that can be expired after deepest possible breath
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|
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| Total lung capacity | show 🗑
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| show | The pulmonary veins dialate to accomodate pressure and prevent edema. If too much pressure, lymphatic vessles in the lungs also help prevent edema.
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| Air composition | show 🗑
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| show | Alveolar epithelium, interstitial liquid, capillary endothelium. But still diffusion occurs pretty fast.
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|
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| What chemical stimuli primarly and secondarily regulate ventilation rate | show 🗑
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| show | Yes. By the medullary respiratory control center?
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|
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| Physical stretching of the lungs and respiratory control center | show 🗑
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| show | The cells there undergo mitosis to replace the epidermis cells that were sloughed off.
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| show | In the dermis. They signal the parietal lobe =]
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| show | Interstitial cells. In testicular interstitium. Androgen synthesis.
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| Seminiferous tubules to urethra (path) | show 🗑
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| show | Seminal vesicle (behind bladder, contributes 60% total volume)
Prostate
Bolbourethral glands
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| show | (2X) corpora cavernosa (top)
1 corpus sponginosum
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| Two stages of arousal in male | show 🗑
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| show | Controlled by sympathetic NS.
1. Emission: Propoulsion of sperm from ductus deferens to urethra (smooth muscle contraction)
2. Ejaculation: Rhythmic contraction of muscle around base. Reflect to semen in urethra.
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| show | Fusion of egg and sperm
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| show | Protect andnurture the sperm. They are in the walls of the sminiferous tubules
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| Where does the sperm become mobile | show 🗑
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| What type of cells help spermatid-->sperm transformation | show 🗑
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| show | Binding to zona pellucida
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|
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| Anterior pituitary hormone mneumonics | show 🗑
|
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| What male cells does FSH stimulate | show 🗑
|
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| What male cells does LH stimulate | show 🗑
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| show | Epididymis, seminal vesicle, ductus deferens
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| Mullerian ducts would give rise to... | show 🗑
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| Presence of Y and wolffian and mullerian ducts | show 🗑
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| show | Greater vestibular gland. Lubrication
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| Two primary estrogens | show 🗑
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| Sex steroid control through hypothalamus | show 🗑
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| show | No
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|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
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You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
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valen1014
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