MCAT Biology (VL)
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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show | 4H
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Hexokinase allosteric regulation | show 🗑
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show | Feedback inhibition by ATP
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Pyruvate dehydrogenase allosteric regulation | show 🗑
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Prosthetic group | show 🗑
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Co-Factor | show 🗑
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How many carbons in acetyl CoA and OAA | show 🗑
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Location for gluconeogenesis | show 🗑
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AA catabolism | show 🗑
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show | 5' to 3'
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show | 10 bp, 34 angstroms
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show | 3.4 angstroms
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Transition vs. transversion | show 🗑
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Prokaryote polymerase that lays down primers | show 🗑
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show | Everything DNA pol III plus 5' to 3' exonuclease activity (removes primer)
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DNA pol II | show 🗑
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DNA pol III | show 🗑
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show | Coding or sense strand
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Prokaryote promoter | show 🗑
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RNA polymerase closed vs. open complex | show 🗑
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show | Initiation at P site, entrance of tRNA to A site, and translocation to E
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Phosphate bonds required for translation based on AA # | show 🗑
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Another word of attachment of a virus and penetration | show 🗑
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Lytic cycle in animal viruses | show 🗑
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Three classifications of prokaryotes | show 🗑
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Type of peptidoglycan not found in humans | show 🗑
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show | Similar to ATP synthase for prokaryotes and 9+2 structure for eukaryotes
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Facultative anaerobes | show 🗑
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Two parts of the fungi thallus and their role | show 🗑
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show | Detoxification, glycogen breakdown, some glycosylation, disulfide bond formation
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Roles of Golgi body | show 🗑
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show | Peroxisome, mitochondria, nucleus and cytoplasm
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show | for proteins going to nucleus, mitochondria or peroxisomes (free ribosomes)
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show | Metabolize lipids, metabolize toxins using H2O2. Contain catalase.
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Target signal | show 🗑
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Where are the proteins for lysosomes made? | show 🗑
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show | Digestion of uneeded or excess products
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Factors that affect fluidity of membrane | show 🗑
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show | Phospholipase C. It results in increased cytoplasmic Ca
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Microtubules | show 🗑
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show | Actin. Gross movements. Cytokinesis and amoeboid movement. Smallest.
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Epistasis | show 🗑
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show | 60 kDa
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Three AA that kinases work on | show 🗑
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What type of kinase is the insuline receptor | show 🗑
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Contents of desmosome | show 🗑
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show | One species changes so much that even if it could go back it can't mate with its old self
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Age of the earth | show 🗑
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show | Older than 3.5 billion years old
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Old gasses | show 🗑
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show | Lighting, radioactive decay, volcanic decay, and sun radiation. Metal ions on rocks (especially clay) were catalysts
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Proteinoids | show 🗑
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Coacervate | show 🗑
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show | Microspheres, liposomes, coecervates
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Myelination | show 🗑
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show | Absolute (inactivation of Na channel, won't fire at all) and relative (hyperpolarization)
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Summations for neurotransmitters | show 🗑
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show | Induces urination
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show | Nuclei are somas in CNS, ganglias are somas in PNS
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show | Hind/rhomboencephalon, fore/prosencephalon, and mid/mesencenphalon
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What does the spinal cord control | show 🗑
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show | Respiration, BP, digestion (vomiting)
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Pons | show 🗑
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show | Relay visual and auditory information
Reticular activating system (wakefulness and arousal).
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show | Thalamus and hypothalamus.
Thalamus relay and process sensory information
Hypothalamus controls emotions and autonomic function (homeostasis)
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show | Left - speech
Right - visual, spatial reasoning and music
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Cerebrum white and grey matter | show 🗑
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show | Voluntary movement, complex reasoning skills and problem solving
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show | Hearing and smell. Short term memory.
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Parietal | show 🗑
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show | Grey matter soma. Broadly functions in regulating body movement.
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show | Between cerebrum and diencephalon. Amygdala, cingulate gyrus and hippocampis
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show | 12 and 31
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show | Release ACh
Innervate skeletal muscle cells
Soma in brain stem or ventral portion of spinal cord
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show | The somatic sensory system includes the sensations of touch, pressure, vibration, limb position, heat, cold, and pain.
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All somatic sensory neurons... | show 🗑
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show | Somas from somatic/autonomic sensory neurons. Outside meningers but within vertebra
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show | ACh
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show | Thoracic or lumbar (sympathetic system is thoracolumbar system)
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show | Brain stem or spinal cord (parasympathetic = craniosacral)
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show | ACh
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Post ganglionic short axon to ganglion near effector | show 🗑
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How many neurons does the sympathetic/paraympathetic efferent system has | show 🗑
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show | in brainstem or spinal cord
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show | ACh
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show | long for para (ganglia far from cord), short for symp (ganglia close to cord)
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Hormones from adrenal cortex | show 🗑
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Embryological origin of adrenal medulla | show 🗑
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What does adrenal medulla produce | show 🗑
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show | Pressure sensors in skin
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Vestibular hair cells | show 🗑
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What causes bitter and sour taste | show 🗑
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Pitch vs. loudness | show 🗑
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show | Linear accelration and static equilibrium
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show | Cornea is continuous with sclera. Outer to inner is sclera --> choroid --> retina
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show | Anterior (between cornea and iris), posterior (after iris/pupil and before lense) it's small, and vitreous (after lense)
A and P chamber have aquaous humor and vitrous has vitrous humor
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show | Rods and cones ---> bipolar cells --> ganglionic cells with axons forming the optic nerve.
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show | Where ganglion cells converge to form optic nerve that leaves the eye. Blind spot.
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show | Vitamin A derivative. Trans + 1 cis --> all trans
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Myopia | show 🗑
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show | Diverging. )(.
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Hyperopia | show 🗑
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Convex are ____ lenses | show 🗑
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show | Ischemia is inadequate flow (waste buildup and no nutrient). Hypoxia is just no oxygen (waste is removed and other nutrients come in)
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show | left side. Malfunction can leave to pulmonary edema.
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Distole | show 🗑
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Systole | show 🗑
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Tricuspid | show 🗑
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show | Amount of blood pumped each systole
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Cardiac output | show 🗑
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show | Increase HR. Frank-Starling mechanism
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show | Stretching heart makes stronger contractions. Increase venous return. Automatic regulation (More blood received from tissues, more blood pumped out)
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show | Increase total volume of blood (Water retention) or contract large veins to propel towards heart.
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Two results from plateu in heart muscle cells | show 🗑
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show | Right atrium
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How does the SA node reach threshold first? | show 🗑
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show | Because AP goes more slowly through atrium than the internodal path, so ventricle would've contracted first
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SA node depolarization | show 🗑
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show | deltaPressure = Q(bloodflow)*R
Pressure increased by increasing force of contraction. Peripheral resistance determined by contraction of precapillary sphincters
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show | Controlled by sympathetic system. Andrenergic (sympathetic) tone from constant level of NE of neurons innervating pericapillary sphincter.
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Sphygmomanometer | show 🗑
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Metabolic wastes causes ____ of arteriolar smooth muscle | show 🗑
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show | Na, K, Cl, Ca and Mg
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CO2 buffering. Reaction. | show 🗑
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show | 40-45% in males
35-40% in females
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Embryology of hemopoiesis | show 🗑
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Inheritance pattern of Rh | show 🗑
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NLMEB is in order of | show 🗑
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Formation of fibrin | show 🗑
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Thrombolus | show 🗑
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show | Tense is not O bound, relaxed is O bound
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Bohr effect | show 🗑
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show | 75% as buffer, 20% hemglobin (allosteric binding) and 7% dissolved in blood
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show | Yep
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show | Yes. Larger lymphatic ducts.
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show | Capillaries --> lymphatic vessels --> lymphatic ducts (filter through lymph nodes) --> large veins
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Role of lymphatic system | show 🗑
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Humoral response involves protection by ____ | show 🗑
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One role of antibodies that I always forget | show 🗑
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T helper cells (CD and MHC) | show 🗑
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T killer cells (CD and MHC) | show 🗑
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show | Macrophages, B cells, dendritic cells
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Spleen and immune system | show 🗑
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show | Reabsorb water and ions. Processes waste. Excretes these ions (Na, Cl, Ca...) through active transport.
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show | Old heme --> bilirubin --> bile
Synthesis of urea which is less tooxic than ammonia
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show | Small hydrophillic wastes (Urea, Na, HCO3- and water)
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show | Medullary pyramids (many collecting ducts) --> papilla (tip of pyramid) --> calyx ---> renal pelvis
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show | Lines capilaries of the glomerulus
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Anatory of kidney (gross) | show 🗑
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Glomerular basement membrane | show 🗑
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show | Renal artery --> afferent arteriole --> glomerulus capillaries --> efferent arterioles (constrict for leaking to occur). Peritubular capillaries pick up the reabsorption by active transport.
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show | It's not regulated there, it just absorbs as much as it can =]
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Where does secretion occur (kidneys) | show 🗑
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show | vASOPRESSIN
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show | Response to low blood volume, high blood osmolarity, and low BP. Released by posterior pituitary. Makes DCT and CT permeable to water.
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show | Released by adrenal cortex in response to low BP, low blood volume, low osmolarity, AND ANGIOTENSIN II. Increase Na reabsorption by distal nephron.
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Diuresis | show 🗑
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Loop of Helen | show 🗑
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show | Ascending vasa recta near descending limb ready to reabsorb the water it lost
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show | Contact point between afferent arterioles and distal tubule. JG cells in afferent arteriole monitor systemic pressure, secrette renin when BP drops.
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show | Renin converts angiotensinogen (made by liver) --> angiotensin I
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in lungs turns Angiotensin I --> angiotensin II
Angiotensin is a vasoconstrictor, raises BP and stimulates aldosterone production.
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Macula densa | show 🗑
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pH renal regulation | show 🗑
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What cells have carbonic anhydrase | show 🗑
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All hormones that affect the kidney are ____ except for ____ which is a _____ | show 🗑
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Calcitonin | show 🗑
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Parathyroid hormone | show 🗑
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show | Low O2 levels. Increases RBC synthesis in bone marrow. Its produced by kidney and liver.
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show | Salivary amylase
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What releases trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen | show 🗑
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show | Longitudinal (propel forward) and circular (prevent back movement)
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show | Smooth muscle automaticity! They have functional syncytium. Enteric NS and hormones also.
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Two principal cells in pancreas | show 🗑
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Where does fat digestion begin? | show 🗑
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pH of stomach | show 🗑
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Parietal cells | show 🗑
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Chief cells | show 🗑
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Control of the pyloric sphincter | show 🗑
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show | Secrete gastrin. They Stimulate parietal cells to release
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Control of the pyloric sphincter | show 🗑
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G cells | show 🗑
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show | Response to gastrin and stomach stretching. Binds parital cells and stimulates HCl release. Ulcer healing drugs block histamine.
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show | Collections of lymphocytes dotting villi, monitor GI contants. Found in ileum.
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show | Pancreatic and common bile duct. Sphincter of OOdi is where they meet and empty.
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Besides digestive enzymes, what else does the pancreas excrete into the duodenum? | show 🗑
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Duodenal enzymes | show 🗑
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show | Cholecystokinin (CCK)
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show | Released by duodenum in response to chyme in duodeunm. Induces release of pancreatic digestive enzymes, gall bradder contraction, decreased gastric motility and relazed pyrolic sphincter
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Secretin | show 🗑
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show | Decreases stomach emptying, released by duodenum.
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show | Vitamin B12, when combined with stuff from stomach by parietal cells. Ileocecal valve separates cecum from ileum.
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show | vitamin K
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Pancreatic proteases | show 🗑
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show | A cells (glucagon), B cells (insulin) and G cells (somatostatin, inhibits digestion)
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Three hormones that raise blood glucose and type | show 🗑
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show | Bile acids, cholesterol, and bilirubin (RBC heme breakdown)
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show | Albumin, globulin, fibrinogen, clotting factors
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Take up of monosaccharides by intestinal epithelium | show 🗑
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Take up of AA by intestinal epithelium | show 🗑
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show | Simple diffusion!
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show | Fat soluble - require bile to solubilize ad be absorbed, excess is stored in adipose tissue
Water soluble - excreted in urine
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show | Moving away from the midline
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show | Epimyum is outside muscle, perimyum is outside fascille, endomyum is within the fascille surrounding each myofiber (muscle cell)
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What are myofibils | show 🗑
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Sarcolemma | show 🗑
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Thick filaments are made of | show 🗑
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show | Cross bridge - myosin bound to ADP binds actin
Power stroke - Myosin moves to lower E state, oulling actin, ADP released.
Release of actin - ATP binds, actin is released
Cocking head - ATP hydrolyzes, myosin back to high E
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What is needed for contractile cycle to occur in vitro | show 🗑
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show | The myofiber cell membrane
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Miniature end plate potential | show 🗑
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Sarcoplasmic reticulum | show 🗑
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Do inhibitory neurons innervate neuromuscular junction | show 🗑
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show | Increase motor unit recruitment (motor unit is a group of myofibers innervated by a single neuron), and frequency of summation (two contractions happen so radpily they add onto one another). This is how tetanus happens.
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Optimum length of sarcomere | show 🗑
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Creatine phosphate | show 🗑
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show | Both - striaed, t tubules, troponin and tropomyosin, length-tension (although more important fro cardiac since skeletal is fixed)
Difference - cardiac is FUNCTIONAL syncytial, has intercalated disks, branching, ACh is inhibitory, Ca channels
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show | Both - Actin and myosin filaments, no branching
Smooth - Narrower/shorter, no T-tubule, FUNCTIONAL syncytia, filaments dispered, calmodulin and MLCK, poor SR, slow waves of AP
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Calmodulin and Myosin light-chain kinase | show 🗑
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show | SR stores some Ca but relies on extracytoplasmic Ca
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show | AP is similar to the ones of cardiac muscle cells with less sharp spike since they have less fast channels
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Smooth muscle AP | show 🗑
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show | ACh from the parasympathetic system and decreased by NE from sympathetic.
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show | Flat bones!
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Axial skeleton consists of | show 🗑
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show | Adipose, ECM and basement membrane
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Dense connective tissue | show 🗑
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Where is red bone marrow found | show 🗑
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Where is yellow bone marrow found | show 🗑
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What are spicules or trabeculae | show 🗑
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show | Osteon, basic unit of bone structure.
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show | In the center of each osteon. Lymph, blood vessles and nerves. Connected to lacunae by canaliculi extentions
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Perforating (volkmann's canals) | show 🗑
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show | Perichondrium. Hence the slow repair time
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Three types of cartilage | show 🗑
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Dense regular connective tissue | show 🗑
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show | Periosteum and perichondrium, dermis
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Three types of joints | show 🗑
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show | Are supposed by ligaments, lubricated by synovial fluid from the synovial capsule, have surface covered by articular cartilage (hyaline)
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show | Joints that are diathrosis.
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show | Endochondral ossification and intramembranous ossification (flat bones)
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show | Cartilage! Contains epiglottis and vocal cords
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Which parts of the repspiratory trees have smooth muscle | show 🗑
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show | Yep
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show | Tall columnar with goblet cells
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show | squamous cells in gas exchanging surfaces
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Type II alveolar cells | show 🗑
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show | aCTIVE. Experiation is passive because of elastic recoil of the lungs
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show | Parietal and visceral. Pleural space between with thin layer of fluid to keep things together by tension.
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External intercoastal muscle | show 🗑
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Exertion | show 🗑
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Pleural pressure becomes more negative when.... | show 🗑
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When is alveolar pressure 0 | show 🗑
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show | Amount of air in normal breathing. 10% of total volume of the lungs
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Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) | show 🗑
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Inspiratory residual volume | show 🗑
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show | Volume of air that can be inhaled after resting experiation
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Inpiratory capacity (IC) | show 🗑
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show | Amount of air that remains in the lungs after strongest possible expiration
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Vital capacity | show 🗑
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show | Vital capacity + residual volume
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show | The pulmonary veins dialate to accomodate pressure and prevent edema. If too much pressure, lymphatic vessles in the lungs also help prevent edema.
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show | N2 - 80%
O2 - 20%
H2O - 0.5%
CO2 - 0.04 %
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Three barriers to gas diffusion in the lungs | show 🗑
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What chemical stimuli primarly and secondarily regulate ventilation rate | show 🗑
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show | Yes. By the medullary respiratory control center?
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Physical stretching of the lungs and respiratory control center | show 🗑
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show | The cells there undergo mitosis to replace the epidermis cells that were sloughed off.
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Where are the touch, pressure, pain and temp receptors of the skin found | show 🗑
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Leydig cells | show 🗑
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show | S. tubules --> epididymis --> ductus deferens --> urethra
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show | Seminal vesicle (behind bladder, contributes 60% total volume)
Prostate
Bolbourethral glands
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Erectile tissue in penis (three compartments) | show 🗑
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Two stages of arousal in male | show 🗑
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Two stages of orgasm in male | show 🗑
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show | Fusion of egg and sperm
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show | Protect andnurture the sperm. They are in the walls of the sminiferous tubules
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show | In the ductus deferens
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show | Sustentacular cells like steroli
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show | Binding to zona pellucida
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Anterior pituitary hormone mneumonics | show 🗑
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show | Sustentacular cells. Sustentacular cells release inhibin, which inhibits FSH
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What male cells does LH stimulate | show 🗑
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show | Epididymis, seminal vesicle, ductus deferens
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Mullerian ducts would give rise to... | show 🗑
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Presence of Y and wolffian and mullerian ducts | show 🗑
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Female counterpart of bulbourethral glands | show 🗑
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show | Estrogen and estradiol. Both produced in ovaries.
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show | Hypothalamus makes GnRH --> anterior pituitary releases gonadotropins (LH and FSH) --> stimulate testosterone/CL and sustentacular/granulosa cells. Feedback because inhibin (from granulosa and sustentacular) inhibit FSH. Steroids inhibit GnRH
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Can dominant autosomal traits skip generations | show 🗑
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