Chapter 14 definitions
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| Mediastinum | The space between the lungs and beneath the sternum where the heart resides
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| Base | Broadest part of the heart located in the upper right; where the great vessels enter and leave the heart
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| Apex | The pointed end of the heart located in the lower left; the point of maximum impulse
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| Pericardium | Double-walled sac that surrounds the heart; has 2 layers, fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium
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| Fibrous pericardium | Loose-fitting sac of strong connective tissue; the outer-most layer of the pericardium
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| Serous pericardium | Covers the heart's surface; has 2 layers, the parietal layer and the visceral layer
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| Parietal layer | Layer of the serous pericardium which lines the inside of the fibrous pericardium
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| Visceral layer | Layer of the serous pericardium which covers the heart's surface
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| Pericardial cavity | Cavity between the parietal and visceral layers that contains a small amount of serous fluid, which helps prevent friction as the heart beats
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| Endocardium | Layer of the heart wall consisting of a thin layer of squamous epithelial cells that lines the heart's chambers, covers the valves, and continues into the vessels
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| Myocardium | Forms the midle layer of the heart wall. Composed of cardiac muscle, it's the thickest of the layers and performs the work of the heart
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| Epicardium | Layer of the heart wall that covers the heart's surface; consists of a thin layer of squamous epithelial cells
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| Atria | 2 upper chambers of the heart; recieve blood from the body (right) or the lungs (left)
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| Ventricles | 2 lower chambers of the heart; serve as pumps, receiving blood from the atria and then pumping it to the lungs (right) and the body (left)
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| Cusps | Leaflets; flaps of tissue that form each valve
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| Atrioventricular valve | AV valve; regulates flow between the atria and the ventricles; the heart consists of 2 - the triscuspid and the bicuspid or mitral
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| Semilunar valve | Regulate flow between the ventricles and the great arteries; the heart consists of 2 - the pulmonary and the aortic
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| Tricuspid valve | The right AV valve; consists of 3 leaflets; prevents backflow from the right ventricle to the atria
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| Mitral valve | Bicuspid valve; the left AV valve; consists of 2 leaflets; prevents backflow from the left ventricle to the left atria
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| Pulmonary valve | Semilumar valve that prevents backflow from the pulmonary artery to the right ventricle
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| Aortic valve | Semilunar valve that prevents backflow from the aorta to the left ventricle
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| Skeleton of the heart | Semi-rigid, fibrous, connective tissue that encircles each valve; offers support for the heart; keeps the valves from stretching; acts as an insulating barrier between the atria and the ventricles
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| Valvular insufficiency | Occurs when a heart valve fails to prevent backflow of blood during contraction; allowing the blood to regurgitate
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| Stenotic valve | A valve that has become narroed forcing the heart to work harder
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| Heart murmur | Abnormal heart sound which can be heard through a stethoscope
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| Chordae tendineae | Strands of fibrous connective tissue that extend from conical papillary muscles on the floor of the ventricle to the valve cusps
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| Coronary arteries | Deliver oxygenated blood to the myocardium
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| Atherosclerosis | Coronary arteries become blocked or narrowed by a buildup of cholesterol and fatty deposits
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| Ischemia | Depriving the heart tissue of oxygen
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| Angina pectoris | A partially blocked vessel spasms or the heart demands more oxygen than the narrowed vessel can supply resulting in ischemia and chest pain
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| Coronary sinus | Large transverse vein on the heart's exterior, which returns blood to the right atrium; where most cardiac veins empty
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| Automaticity | The heart contracts spontaneously
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| Rhythmicity | The heart beats regularly
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| Sinoatrial node | SA node; in the wall of the right atrium just below the opening of the superior vena cava where normal cardiac impulses arise; the heart's primary pacemaker
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| Atrioventricular node | AV node; located near the right AV valve at the lower end of the interatrial septum; ectopic pacemaker
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| Atrioventricular bundle | Bundle of His; where impulse picks up speed after passing through the AV node
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| Purkinje fibers | Conduct impulses throughout the muscle of both ventricles, causing them to contract simultaneously; ectopic pacemaker
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| Arrhythmia | Irregular heartbeat
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| P wave | Represents atrial depolarization; occurs right before the atria contract
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| PR interval | Represents the time it takes for the cardiac impulse to travel from the atria to the ventricles
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| QRS complex | Represents ventricular depolarization
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| ST segment | Represents the end of ventricular depolarization and the beginning of repolarization
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| T wave | Represents ventricular repolarization
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| Atrial flutter | Occurs when an ectopic focus in the atria fires rapidly, causing the atria to contract between 200 & 400 times per minute; not usually life-threatening
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| Ventricular fibrillation | Causes the heart to quiver rather than contract; cardiac output plummets and cardiac arrest may quickly follow; life-threatening emergency
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| Systole | Phase of the cardiac cycle in which the heart contracts
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| Diastole | Phase of the cardia cycle in which the heart relaxes
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| Isovolumetric | Something having the same or equal volume
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| Cardiac output | The amount of blood the heart pumps in 1 minute; to determine, multiply heart rate by stroke volume
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| Heart rate | The number of times the heart beats in 1 minute
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| Stroke volume | The amount of blood ejected with each heart beat; 60-80% of the blood volume of the ventricles
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| Bradycardia | A persistant pulse rate slower than 60 bpm; commonly occurs during sleep or in athletes
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| Tachycardia | A persistant resting heart rate greater than 100 bpm
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| Proprioceptors | In the muscles and joints; signal the cardiac center of changes in physical activity
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| Chemoreceptors | Found in the aortic arch, carotid arteries, and medulla; detects increases in CO2, decreases in oxygen, and decreases in pH
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| Baroreceptors | Pressoreceptors; pressure sensors in the aorta and internal carotid arteries; detect changes in blood pressure
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| Ejection fraction | The percentage of blood volume the ventricles eject
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| Preload | The amount of tension, or stretch, in the ventricular muscle just before it contracts
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| Contractility | The force with which ventricular ejection occurs
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| Afterload | The forces the heart must work against to eject its volume of blood
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| Starling's law of the heart | The more the ventricle is stretched (within limits), the more forcefully it will contract
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| Inotropic agents | Factors that affect contractility; positive agents include excess calcium and epinephrine; negative agents include calcium deficiency and potassium excess
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| Chronotropic agents | Factors that influence heart rate; positive agents include epinephrine and low levels of calcium; negative agents include acetylcholine and excess levels of potassium
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| Congestive heart failure | CHF; either ventricle fails to pump blood effectively due to being weakened
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