Chapter 11 definitions
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| Receptors | Specialized nerve cells or nerve endings that detect physical or chemical events outside the cell membrane
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| Receptive field | The certain area in which each sensory neuron responds to stimuli
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| Sensory projection | When a particular neuron carries a stimulus to the brain and the brain knows where the stimulus originated
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| Adaptation | When a stimulus is continuous, the firing frequency of the nerve begins to slow, causing the sensation to diminish
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| Proprioceptor | Provides information about body movement, muscle stretch, and the general orientation of the body
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| Chemoreceptors | React to various chemicals, including odors and tastes, as well as the concentration of various chemicals
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| Mechanoreceptors | Respond to factors, such as pressure, stretch, or vibration, that change the position of a receptor
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| Thermoreceptors | Activated by a change in temperature
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| Nociceptors | Pain receptors that respond to tissue damage from trauma as well as from heat, chemicals, pressure, or lack of oxygen
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| Photoreceptors | Found only in the eyes; respond to light
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| Fast pain fibers | Abundant in the skin and mucous membranes; produce a sharp, localized, stabbing-like pain at the time of injury
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| Slow pain fibers | Congregated on deep body organs and structures; produce a dull, aching pain
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| Referred pain | Pain originating in a deep organ may be sensed as if it's originating from the body's surface
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| Analgesics | Drugs used to relieve pain
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| Gustation | Sense of taste
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| Papillae | Protrusion on the tongue containing most of the taste buds
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| Olfaction | Sense of smell
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| Auricle | Pinna; visible part of the ear; funnels sound into the auditory canal
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| Auditory canal | Has glands that produce secretions that mix with dead skin cells to form cerumen; leads through the temporal bone to the eardrum
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| Auditory ossicles | 3 smallest bones in the body; connect the eardrum to the inner ear; malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup)
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| Tympanic membrane | Eardrum; separates the outer ear from the middle ear; vibrates freely in response to sound waves
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| Eustachian tube | Passageway from the middle ear to the nasopharynx; equalizes pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane
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| Bony labyrinth | A complicated system of passageways within the temporal bone that contains the inner ear
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| Membranous labyrinth | Lines the inside of the bony labyrinth; filled with endolymph
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| Semicircular canals | Crucial for the maintenance of equilibrium and balance; fluid filled canals that lie at right angles to one another
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| Vestibule | Marks the entrance to the labyrinths; contains the utricle and saccule, necessary for the sense of balance
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| Cochlea | Snail-like structure that contains the structures for hearing
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| Organ of Corti | Resting on the basilar membrane of the cochlear duct; hearing sense organ
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| Eyebrow | Enhance facial expressions, help keep perspiration out of the eye, and shield the eye from glare
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| Eyelids | Palpebrae; protect the eye from foreign bodies and block light when closed to allow for sleeping; helps moisten the eye and wash out debris
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| Eyelashes | Hairs along the edges of the eyelids that help keep debris out
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| Palpebral fissure | The opening between the lids
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| Conjunctiva | Transparent mucous membrane that lines the surface of the eyelid and covers the anterior surface of the eyeball; creates a thin mucous
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| Tarsal glands | Lie along the tarsal plate; secrete oil to slow the evaporation of tears; form a barrier seal when the eyes are closed
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| Lacrimal punctum | Tiny pore through which tears drain into the lacrimal canal and the nasolacrimal duct
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| Lacrimal gland | Small gland that secretes tears
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| Tears | Clean and moisten the eye's surface; deliver oxygen and nutrients to the conjunctiva; contain lysozyme that helps prevent infection
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| Nasolacrimal duct | Carries tears into the nasal cavity
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| Extrinsic muscles | 6 muscles that reside outside the eyeball and attach to the bony walls of the orbit and to the surface of the eyeball
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| Intrinsic muscles | Arise from within the eyeball; regulate the size of the pupil and the shape of the lens
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| Sclera | Formed from dense connective tisse; outermost layer of the eye; forms the "white of the eye"
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| Cornea | Transparent extension of the sclera; sits over the iris and admits light into the eye
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| Iris | Ring of colored muscle; works to adjust the diameter of the pupil to control the amount of light entering the eye
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| Ciliary body | Thickened extension of the choroid that forms a collar around the lens; secretes aqueous humor
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| Choroid | Highly vascular layer of tissue that supplies oxygen and nutrients to the retina and sclera
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| Retina | Lines the posterior 2/3 of the eye; thin layer of light-sensitive cells
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| Optic nerve | Cranial nerve II; exits from the posterior portion of the eyeball; transmits signals to the brain
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| Macula lutea | Patch of cells that are the centerpoint of the retina, as seen through an ophthalmoscope
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| Fovea centralis | Depression inside the macula lutea; most of the cones are concentrated here; produces the sharpest vision
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| Optic disc | Medial to the macula lutea; where nerve fibers leave the retina and converge to become the optic nerve; where blood vessels enter and leave the eye
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| Blind spot | A spot in the visual field of each eye that contains no photorecetors
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| Anterior cavity | Space between the lens and the cornea; divided into the anterior and posterior chambers; filled with aqueous humor
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| Posterior cavity | Larger cavity lying posterior to the lens; filled with vitreous humor
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| Vitreous humor | Jelly-like substance that fills the posterior cavity of the eye; helps keep the eyeball from collapsing
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| Lens | Transparent disc of tissue just behind the pupil; changes shape for near and far vision
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| Canal of Schlemm | Blood vessel where aqueous humor drains
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| Refraction | Bending of light rays
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| Convergence | Lines up the visual axis of each eye toward the object so that the light rays fall on the corresponding spots on each retina
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| Diplopia | Double vision; failure of the eyes to converge
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| Emmetropia | Normal vision
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| Myopia | Nearsightedness; light rays focus in front of the retina; most common refractive vision defect
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| Hyperopia | Farsightedness; light rays focus at a point behind the retina; occurs if the eyeball is too short or the cornea is flatter than normal
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| Astigmatism | Uneven or asymmetrical curvature of the cornea; light is focused unevenly; often accompanies myopia or hyperopia
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| Presbyopia | Loss of flexibility of the lens with age; focusing muscles in the eyes weaken; begins between the ages of 40 & 50
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| Visual acuity | Sharpness of visual perception
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| Pupillary constrictor | Muscle that encircles the pupil; stimulated by the parasympathetic nervous system; narrows the pupil to admit less light
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| Pupillary dilator | Stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system; pulls the edges of the iris outward to admit more light
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| Photopupillary reflex | Pupils constrict automatically when exposed to bright light
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| Accommodation | The curvature of the lens changes to allow the eye to focus on a near object
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| Rods | Located at the periphery of the retina; active in dim light; responsible for night vision; cannot distinguish colors from each other
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| Cones | Concentrated in the center of the retina; active in bright light; primarily responsible for sharp vision; responsible for color vision
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| Optic chiasm | Where fibers from the nasal side cross over to the other side; located just anterior to the pituitary gland
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