learning objective answers to intrinsic back muscles
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| What comprises the functional unit of the vertebral column? | Two vertebral bodies, the intervening intervertebral disc, and 2 pairs of facet joints.
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| What is meant by amplification by summation? | Taking a small amount of movement exhibited at a single functional unit of the vertebral column and multiplying it by the number of vertebra. Small amounts of motion are amplified into larger flexion/extension movements.
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| Where could you find a zygophyseal joint? Classify it. | Between inferior and superior articulating facets. They are synovial in nature.
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| Name the vertebral lever arms of the functional unit of the vertebral column. | Each vertebra has 3 pairs of lever arms: spinous process (fused in the midline into a single entity), transverse processes and costal elements (ribs).
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| What is the general function of the vertebral lever arms? | Serve as attachments for intrinsic mm. of the back.
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| List the superficial extrinsic mm. of the back. | Rhomboideus minor and major, levator scapulae, trapezius, latissimus dorsi.
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| What is the function of the superficial extrinsic mm. of the back? | They serve in attaching the upper limb to the torso (trunk).
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| List the intermediate extrinsic mm. of the back. | The serratus posterior superior and the serratus posterior inferior.
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| What is the general function of the intermediate extrinsic mm. of the back? | They act as accessory muscles of respiration.
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| What is the function of the intrinsic back mm.? | Postural in nature. Extension/flexion and lateral flexion of the vertebral column.
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| Anatomically how are the intrinsic back muscles grouped? | Into three layers: superficial, intermediate and deep.
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| Name the components of the Superficial muscle group | splenius capitis, splenius cervicis; Name the components of the intermediate muscle group
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| Name the components of the deep muscle group | semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores, intertransversarii and interspinales.
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| How are the intrinsic muscles innervated? | Segmentally, by individual dorsal rami along their length.
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| Which of these intrinsic muscle groups is most superficial? | Components of the erector spinae (spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis).
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| Which of these intrinsic muscle groups is deepest? | Rotatores
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