Bone Tissue and Joints
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| show | Support –
Protection –
Movement – provide levers for muscles
Mineral storage – reservoir for minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus
Blood cell formation – hematopoiesis occurs within the red bone marrow
Triglyceride storage: in yellow bone ma
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| epiphysis(epiphyses) | show 🗑
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| metaphysic(metaphyses) | show 🗑
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| show | Epiphyseal line: bone growth in length stops
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| diaphysis | show 🗑
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| Articular cartilage | show 🗑
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| show | contains fatty yellow bone marrow in adults.
spongy bone= contains RED BONE MARROW.
Contains red bone marrow, which produces blood cells.
Contains yellow bone marrow, which stores triglycerides (fats), a
potential chemical energy reserve.
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| The region of a long bone where the epiphysis and diaphysis join is called the _____. | show 🗑
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| What are the two layers of the periosteum? | show 🗑
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| Outer fibrous layer | show 🗑
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| Inner osteogenic layer | show 🗑
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| show | 1.osteogenic= bone formation
2. protection- fiber layers
3.serve as attachment for muscle
4.assist in the bone repairing . if fracture bone= periosteum has lots of blood supply
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| Periosteum: Does it cover articular cartilage? | show 🗑
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| show | is a tough connective tissue sheath and its associated blood supply that surrounds the bone surface wherever it is not covered by articular cartilage.
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| show | Some of the cells enable bone to grow in thickness, but not in length. The periosteum also protects the bone, assists in fracture repair, helps nourish bone tissue, and
serves as an attachment point for ligaments and tendons.
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| show | The periosteum is attached to the underlying bone by perforating
(Sharpey’s) fibers, thick bundles of collagen that extend from
the periosteum into the bone extracellular matrix.
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| show |
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| 1. Osteogenic cells: | show 🗑
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| show | derived from osteoblasts; are mature bone cells; maintains bone tissue.
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| show | bone-building cells; form bone matrix.
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| show | derived from the fusion of many Monocytes, functions in resorption, the destruction of bone matrix.
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| A structural unit of compact bone is an _________. | show 🗑
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| show | central canal= haversian canal; blood vessels n nerves n lymphatic vessels
the bone's nerve and blood supplies
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| Study the structure of an osteon: central canal, lamellae (interstitial, circumferential, concentric), perforating canal, canalicullae, lacunae) | show 🗑
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| show | is composed of repeating structural units
called osteons, or haversian systems
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| Each osteon consists of concentric lamellae arranged around a______? | show 🗑
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| show | run longitudinally through the bone
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| show | concentric lamellae
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| show | lacunae that contain osteocytes.
(la-KOO-ne=little lakes;
singular is lacuna
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| show | canaliculi (kan-a-LIK-u-lı=
small channels), which are filled with extracellular fluid. Inside
the canaliculi are slender fingerlike processes of osteocytes
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| The areas between neighboring osteons contain lamellae called_____ | show 🗑
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| Blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves from the periosteum penetrate the compact bone through____? | show 🗑
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| show | circumferential
lamellae. They develop during initial
bone formation.
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| show | outer circumferential lamellae (just beneath the periosteum). They are connected to the periosteum by perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers.
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| show | inner circumferential lamellae encircle the medullary cavity.
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| show | Osteons (haversian systems) in compact bone and trabeculae in spongy bone.
spongy bone=trabeculae, red bone marrow, medullary cavity. NO osteons.
compact bone=osteon,central canal, concetric lamellae,lacunae,canaliculi,osteocytes,NO red bone marrow..
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| Compact Bone Tissue | show 🗑
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| show | -Central canal run longitudinally through the bone. Around the canals are concentric lamellae. Between the lamellae are small spaces called lacunae that contain osteocytes.
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| show | Canaliculi: filled with extracellular fluid, fingerlike processes of osteocytes.
- Blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves from the Periosteum penetrate the compact bone through transverse perforating (Volkmann’s) canals.
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| Compact Bone Tissue | show 🗑
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| show | -Consists of lamellae that are arranged in an irregular lattice of thin columns of bone called trabeculae.
-In short, flat, and irregularly shaped bones; most of the epiphyses; a narrow rim around the medullary cavity.
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| Spongy Bone Tissue | show 🗑
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| What is the intramembranous ossification? What bones does it produce? | show 🗑
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| show | -The formation of bone within hyaline cartilage that develops from mesenchyme. Long bones
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| What are the major steps in this process:endochondral ossification? | show 🗑
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| show | Mesenchymal cells crowd together-> chondroblasts that produce a cartilage matrix -> a hyaline cartilage model is formed.
- Perichondrium develops.
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| Growth of the cartilage model. | show 🗑
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| show | -Occurs in the shaft or diaphysis of the long bone, prior to birth.
-A nutrient artery penetrates the perichondrium, stimulating osteogenic cells to differentiate into osteoblasts, and then a bony collar around the shaft is formed.
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| show | -The perichondrium around the diaphysis converted to a Periosteum
-Medullary cavity.
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| show | -In the epiphyses, around the time of birth.
-No medullary cavity is formed; spongy bone remains.
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| Formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate. | show 🗑
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| show | epiphyseal line= no more bone growth occurs, happens after puberty,The epiphyseal plate fades, leaving a bony structure
called the epiphyseal line. With the appearance of the epiphyseal line, bone growth in length stops completely.
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| show | i.several minerals (e.g., calcium, phosphorus, etc.)
ii.several vitamins (e.g., C, A, and D)
iii.weight-bearing exercise
iv.several hormones (e.g., human growth hormone, sex hormones, etc.)
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| show | -Colles’ fracture: Fracture of the distal end of radius. Occurs often in winter, in children
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| -Pott’s fracture: | show 🗑
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| show | One end of fractured bone is force-fully driven into the interior of the other
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| show | incomplete fracture where one side of the bone breaks and the other side bends; occurs only in children
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| - Comminuted: | show 🗑
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| show | The broken ends of
the bone protrude
through the skin. open muscle, skin more chance of infection
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| closed (simple) | show 🗑
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| show | synovial joints
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| Based on structures: 1. Fibrous: | show 🗑
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| 2. Cartilaginous: | show 🗑
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| show | united by the dense irregular CT of an articular capsule; has a synovial cavity.
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| Which type of joint has the most movement? Synarthrosis, diarthrosis, or amphiarthrosis? | show 🗑
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| show | an immovable joint
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| show | a slightly movable joint.
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| diarthrosis | show 🗑
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| 3. What are the dense irregular or regular connective tissue structures that bind one bone to another bone? | show 🗑
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| show | ligaments
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| show | secreted by the synovial membrane
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| show | functions are: lubrication, supply nutrients and remove wastes for cartilages, phagocytic cells remove microbes and the debris.
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| Can ligaments be extracapsular or intracapsular? | show 🗑
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| gliding movement | show 🗑
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| show | Flexion — bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint
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| show | Extension — reverse of flexion; joint angle is increased
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| show | up and down movement of the foot
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| show | movement away from the midline
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| Adduction | show 🗑
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| Circumduction | show 🗑
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| show | The turning of a bone around its own long axis; examples: Between first two vertebrae
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| show | turn palm up; turn palm down
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| What are the types of fibrous joints? And the examples? | show 🗑
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| What are the types of cartilaginous joints? And the examples? | show 🗑
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| Do all symphyses occur in the midline of the body? | show 🗑
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| show | All synovial joints are diarthrosis.
Planar
hinge
Pivot
Condyloid
Saddle
Ball-and socket
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| Planar | show 🗑
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| Hinge | show 🗑
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| Pivot | show 🗑
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| condyloid | show 🗑
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| show | triaxial, (Carpometarcarpal joint b/w trapezium and 1st metacarpal)(only thumb)
flexion-extention
Abduction-adduction
rotation
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| show | Triaxial (ex. shoulder and hip joints)
flexion-extention
Abduction-adduction, circumduction, rotation
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Created by:
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