Chapters 22-26
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| After emancipation, many blacks traveled in order to... | Find lost family members or seek new economic opportunities.
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| The Freedmen's Bureau was originally established to provide... | Food, clothes, and education for emancipated slaves
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| Lincoln's original plan for Reconstruction in 1863 was that a state could be re-integrated into the Union when... | 10% of its voters took an oath of allegiance to the Union and pledged to abide by emancipation.
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| The Black Codes passed by many of the Southern state governments in 1865 aimed to... | Ensure a stable and subservient labor force under white control
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| The congressional elections of 1866 resulted in... | A decisive defeat for Johnson and a veto-proof Republican Congress
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| In contrast to radical Republicans, moderate Republicans generally... | Favored states' rights and opposed direct federal involvement in individuals' lives
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| Besides putting the South under the rule of federal soldiers, the Military Reconstruction Act of 1867 required that... | Southern states give blacks the vote as a condition of readmittance to the Union
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| The 14th Amendment provided for... | Full citizenship and civil rights for former slaves
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| The 15th Amendment provided for... | Voting rights for former slaves
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| Women's-rights leaders opposed the 14th and 15th Amendments because... | The amendments granted citizenship and voting rights to black and white men but not to women
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| The right to vote encouraged southern black men to... | Organize the Union League as a vehicle for political empowerment and self-defense
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| The radical Reconstruction regimes in the Southern states included... | White Northerners, white Southerners, and blacks
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| Most of the Northern "carpetbaggers" were actually... | Former Union soldiers, businessmen, or professionals
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| The radical Republicans' impeachment of President Andrew Johnson resulted in... | A failure to convict and remove Johnson by a margin of only one vote
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| The skeptical public finally accepted Seward's purchase of Alaska because... | Russia had been the only great power friendly to the Union during the Civil War
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| Common term for the blacks newly liberated from slavery | Freedmen
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| Federal agency that greatly assisted blacks educationally but failed in other aid efforts | Freedmen's Bureau
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| The largest African American denomination after slavery | Baptist
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| Lincoln's 1863 program for a rapid Reconstruction of the South | 10% Plan
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| The constitutional amendment freeing all slaves | 13th Amendment
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| The harsh Southern state laws of 1865 that limited black rights and imposed restrictions to ensure a stable black labor supply | Black Codes
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| The constitutional amendment granting civil rights to freed slaves and barring former Confederates from office | 14th Amendment
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| Republican Reconstructionists who favored a more rapid restoration of Southern state governments and opposed radical plans for drastic economic transformation of the South | Moderates
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| Republican Reconstructionists who favored keeping the South out of the federal government until a complete social and economic revolution was accomplished in the region | Radicals
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| The black political organization that promoted self-help and defense of political rights | Union League
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| Supreme Court ruling that military tribunals could not try civilians when the civil courts were open | Ex Parte Milligan
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| Derogatory term for white Southerners who cooperated with the Republican Reconstruction governments | Scalawags
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| Derogatory term for Northerners who came to the South during Reconstruction and sometimes took part in Republican state governments | Carpetbaggers
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| Constitutional amendment guaranteeing blacks the right to vote | 15th Amendment
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| "Seward's Folly," acquired in 1867 from Russia | Alaska
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| A constitutionally questionable law whose violation by President Johnson formed the basis for his impeachment | Tenure of Office Act
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| The first congressional attempt to guarantee black rights in the South, passed over Johnson's veto | Civil Rights Bill of 1866
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| Born a poor white southerner, he became the white South's champion against radical Reconstruction | Andrew Johnson
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| Secretary of state who arranged an initially unpopular but valuable land deal in 1867 | William Seward
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| Laws designed to stamp out Ku Klux Klan terrorism in the South | Force Acts of 1870 and 1871
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| Black Republican senator from Mississippi during Reconstruction | Hiram Revels
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| Secret organization that intimidated blacks and worked to restore white supremacy | Ku Klux Klan
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| Blacks who left the South for Kansas and elsewhere during Reconstruction | Exodusters
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| Congressional law that imposed military rule on the South and demanded harsh conditions for readmission of the seceded states | Military Reconstruction Act of 1867
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| Beaten in the Senate chamber before the Civil War, he became the leader of Senate Republican radicals during Reconstruction | Charles Sumner
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| Pro-black general who led an agency that tried to assist the freedmen | Oliver O. Howard
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| Leading Black political organization during Reconstruction | Union League
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| Author of the moderate "10%" Reconstruction plan that ran into congressional opposition | Abraham Lincoln
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| The president pro tempore of the Senate who hoped to become president of the United States after Johnson's impeachment conviction | Benjamin Wade
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| Leader of radical Republicans in the House of Representatives | Thaddeus Stevens
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| Cause: The South's military defeat in the Civil War | Effect: Destroyed the southern economy but strengthened Southern hatred of "yankees"
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| Cause: The Freedmen's Bureau | Effect: Successfully educated former slaves but failed to provide much other assistance to them
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| Cause: The Black Codes of 1865 | Effect: Imposed slaverylike restrictions on blacks and angered the North
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| Cause: The election of ex-Confederates to Congress in 1865 | Effect: Prompted Republicans to refuse to seat Southern delegations in Congress
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| Cause: Johnson's "swing around the circle" in the election of 1866 | Effect: Weakened support for mild Reconstruction policies and helped elect overwhelming Republican majorities to Congress
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| Cause: Military Reconstruction and the 14th ad 15th Amendments | Effect: Forced all the Southern states to establish governments that upheld black voting and other civil rights
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| Cause: The "radical" Southern state Reconstruction governments | Effect: Engaged in some corruption but also enacted many valuable social reforms
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| Cause: The Ku Klux Klan | Effect: Intimidated black voters and tried to keep blacks "in their place"
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| Cause: The radical Republicans' hatred of Johnson | Effect: Provoked a politically motivated trial to remove the president from office
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| Cause: The whole Reconstruction era | Effect: Embittered white Southerners while doing little to really help blacks
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| Financiers Jim Fisk and Jay Gould tried to involve the Grant administration in a corrupt scheme to... | Corner the gold market
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| Boss Tweed's widespread corruption was finally brought to a halt by... | The journalistic exposes of The New York Times and cartoonist Thomas Nast
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| The Credit Mobilier scandal involved... | Railroad corporation fraud and the subsequent bribery of congressmen
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| Grant's greatest failing in the scandals that plagued his administration was... | His toleration of corruption and loyalty to crooked friends
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| The depression of the 1870s led to increasing demands for... | Inflation of the money supply by issuing more paper or silver currency
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| The political system of the "Gilded Age" was generally characterized by... | Strong party loyalties, high voter turnout, and few disagreements on national issues
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| The primary goal for which all factions in both political parties contended during the Gilded Age was... | Patronage
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| The key tradeoff featured in the Compromise of 1877 was that... | Republicans got the presidency in exchange for the final removal of federal troops in the south
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| True or false: After the end of reconstruction, black farmers were forced to move to the Kansas and Oklahoma "dust bowl." | False
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| The Supreme Court's ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson upholding "separate but equal" public facilities in effect legalized... | The system of unequal segregation between the races
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| The great railroad strike of 1877 revealed... | The growing threat of class warfare in response to the economic depression of the mid-1870s
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| The final result of the widespread anti-Chinese agitation in the West was... | A Congressional law to prevent any further Chinese immigration
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| President James Garfield was assassinated by... | A mentally unstable disappointed office seeker
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| In its first years, the Populist Party advocated, among other things... | Free silver, a graduated income tax, and government ownership of the railroads, telegraph, and telephone
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| Grover Cleveland stirred a furious storm of protest when, in response to the extreme financial crisis of the 1890s, he... | Borrowed $65 million from JP Morgan and other bankers in order to save the monetary gold standard
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| The symbol of the Republican political tactic of attacking Democrats with reminders of the Civil War | (Waving the) Bloody Shirt
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| Corrupt construction company whose bribes and payoffs to congressmen and others created a major Grant administration scandal | Credit Mobilier
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| Short-lived third party of 1872 that attempted to curb Grant administration corruption | Liberal Republican Party
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| Precious metal that "soft money" advocates demanded be coined again to compensate for the "Crime of '73" | Silver
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| "Soft money" third party that pulled over a million votes and elected 14 congressmen in 1878 by advocating inflation | Greenback Labor Party
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| Mark Twain's sarcastic name for the post-Civil War era, which emphasized its atmosphere of greed and corruption | Gilded Age
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| Civil War Union veterans' organization that became a potent political bulwark of the Republican Party in the late 19th century | Grand Army of the Republic
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| Republican party faction led by Senator Roscoe Conkling that opposed all attempts at civil service reform | Stalwarts
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| Republican party faction led by Senator James G. Blaine that paid lip service to government reform while still battling for patronage and spoils | Half-Breeds
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| The complex political agreement between Republicans and Democrats that resolved the bitterly disputed election of 1876 | Compromise of 1877
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| Asian immigrant group that experienced discrimination on the West Coast | Chinese
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| System of choosing federal employees on the basis of merit rather than patronage introduced by the Pendleton Act of 1883 | Civil Service
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| Sky-high Republican tariff of 1890 that caused widespread anger among farmers in the Midwest and South | McKinley Tariff
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| Insurgent political party that gained widespread support among farmers in the 1890s | Populists (People's Party)
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| Notorious clause in southern voting laws that exempted from literary tests and poll taxes anyone whose ancestors had voted in 1860, thereby excluding blacks | Grandfather Clause
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| Great military leader whose presidency foundered in corruption and political ineptitude | Ulysses S. Grant
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| Bold and unprincipled financier whose plot to corner the US gold market nearly succeeded in 1869 | Jim Fisk
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| Heavyweight New York political boss whose widespread fraud landed him in jail in 1871 | Boss Tweed
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| Colorful, eccentric newspaper editor who carried that Liberal Republican and Democratic banners against Grant in 1872 | Horace Greeley
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| Wealthy New York financier whose bank collapse in 1872 set off an economic depression | Jay Cooke
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| Irish-born leader of the anti-Chinese movement in California | Denis Kearney
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| Radical Populist leader whose early success turned sour, and who then became a vicious racist | Tom Watson
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| Imperious New York senator and leader of the "Stalwart" faction of Republicans | Roscoe Conkling
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| Charming but corrupt "Half-Breed" Republican senator and presidential nominee in 1884 | James G. Blaine
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| Winner of the contested 1876 election who presided over the end of Reconstruction and a sharp economic downturn | Rutherford B. Hayes
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| President whose assassination after only a few months in office spurred the passage of a civil-service law | James Garfield
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| Term for the racial segregation laws imposed in the 1890s | Jim Crow
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| First Democratic president since the Civil War; defender of laissez-faire economics and low tariffs | Grover Cleveland
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| Eloquent young Congressman from Nebraska who became the most prominent advocate of "free silver" in the early 1890s | William Jennings Bryan
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| Enormously wealthy banker whose secret bailout of the federal government in 1895 aroused fierce public anger | JP Morgan
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| Cause: Favor-seeking businesspeople and corrupt politicians | Effect: Caused numerous scandals during President Grant's administration
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| Cause: The New York Times and cartoonist Thomas Nest | Effect: Forced Boss Tweed out of power and into jail
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| Cause: Upright Republicans' disgust with Grant administration scandals | Effect: Led to the formation of the Liberal Republican party in 1872
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| Cause: The economic crash of the mid-1870s | Effect: Caused unemployment, railroad strikes, and a demand for "cheap money"
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| Cause: Local cultural, moral, and religious differences | Effect: Created fierce partisan competition and high voter turnouts, even though the parties agreed on most national issues
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| Cause: The Compromise of 1877 that settled the disputed Hayes-Tilden election | Effect: Led to the withdrawal of troops from the South and the virtual end of federal reconstruction
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| White workers' resentment of Chinese labor competition | Effect: Caused anti-Chinese violence and restrictions against Chinese immigration
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| Public shock at Garfield's assassination by Guiteau | Effect: Helped ensure passage of the Pendleton Act
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| The 1890s depression and the drain of gold from the federal treasury | Effect: Introduced Grover Cleveland to negotiate a secret loan from JP Morgan's banking syndicate
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| The inability of Populist leaders to overcome divisions between white and black farmers | Effect: Led to failure of the third party revolt in the South and a growing racial backlash
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| The federal government contributed to the building of the national rail network by... | Providing free grants of federal land to the railroad companies
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| The most efficient and public-minded of the early railroad-building industrialists was... | James J. Hill
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| The railroad most significantly stimulated American industrialization by... | Creating a single national market for raw materials and consumer goods
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| The railroad barons aroused considerable public opposition by practices such as... | Stock watering and bribery of public officials
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| The railroads affected even the organization of time in the United States by... | Introducing four standard time zones across the country
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| The first important federal law aimed at regulating American industry was... | The Interstate Commerce Act
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| Financier JP Morgan exercised his economic power most effectively by... | Serving as the middleman between American industrialists and foreign governments
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| Two late-19th century technological inventions that especially drew women out of the home and into the workforce were... | The typewriter and the telephone
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| Andrew Carnegie's industrial system of "vertical integration" involved... | The combination of all phases of the steel industry from mining to manufacturing into a single organization
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| The large trusts like Standard Oil and Swift and Armour justified their economic domination of their industries by claiming that... | Only large-scale methods of production and distribution could provide superior products at low prices
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| The oil industry first thrived in the late 1880s by producing... | Kerosene for oil lamps
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| Andrew Carnegie's "Gospel of Wealth" proclaimed his belief that... | Those who acquired great wealth were morally responsible to use it for the public good
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| The attempt to create an industrialized "New South" in the late 19th century generally failed because... | The South was discriminated against and held down as a supplier of raw materials to northern industry
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| For American workers, industrialization generally meant... | A long-term rise in the standard of living but a loss of independence and control of work
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| In contrast to the Knights of Labor, the American Federation of Labor advocated... | Concentrating on improving wages and hours and avoiding general social reform
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| Federally owned acreage granted to the railroad companies in order to encourage the building of rail lines | Land grants
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| The original transcontinental railroad, commissioned by Congress, which built its rail line west from Omaha | Union Pacific Railroad
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| The California-based railroad company, headed by Leland Stanford, that employed Chinese laborers in building lines across the mountains | Central Pacific Railroad
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| The northernmost of the transcontinental railroad lines, organized by economically wise and public-spirited industrialist James J. Hill | Great Northern Railroad
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| Dishonest device by which railroad promoters artificially inflated the price of their stocks and bonds | Stock watering
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| Supreme Court case of 1886 that prevented states from regulating railroads or other forms of interstate commerce | Wabash case
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| Federal regulatory agency often used by rail companies to stabilize the industry and prevent ruinous competition | Interstate Commerce Commission
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| Late 19th century invention that revolutionized communication and created a large new industry that relied heavily on female workers | Telephone
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| First of the great industrial trusts, organized through a principle of "horizontal integration" that ruthlessly incorporated or destroyed competitors | Standard Oil Company
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| The first billion dollar American corporation, organized when JP Morgan bought out Andrew Carnegie | United States Steel Corporation
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| Term that identified southern promoters' belief in a technologically advanced industrial South | New South
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| Black labor organization that briefly flourished in the late 1860s | Colored National Labor Union
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| Secret, ritualistic labor organization that enrolled many skilled and unskilled workers but collapsed suddenly after the Haymarket Square bombing | Knights of Labor
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| Skilled labor organization, such as those of carpenters and printers, that were most successful in conducting strikes and raising wages | Craft unions
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| The conservative labor group that successfully organized a minority of American workers but left others out | American Federation of Labor (AF of L)
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| Former California governor and organizer of the Central Pacific Railroad | Leland Stanford
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| Pro-business clergyman whose "Acres of Diamonds" speeches criticized the poor | Russell Conwell
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| Public-spirited railroad builder who assisted farmers in the northern areas served by his rail lines | James J. Hill
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| Aggressive eastern railroad builder and consolidator who scorned the law as an obstacle to his enterprise | Cornelius Vanderbilt
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| Magazine illustrator who created a romantic of the new, independent woman | Charles Dana Gibson
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| Former teacher of the deaf whose invention created an entire new industry | Alexander Graham Bell
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| Inventive genius of industrialization who worked on devices such as the electric light, the phonograph, and the motion picture | Thomas Edison
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| Scottish immigrant who organized a vast new industry on the principle of "vertical integration" | Andrew Carnegie
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| Aggressive energy-industry monopolist who used tough means to build a trust based on "horizontal integration" | John D. Rockefeller
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| The only businessperson in American wealthy enough to buy out Andrew Carnegie and organize the United States Steel Corporation | J. Pierpont Morgan
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| Southern newspaper editor who tirelessly promoted industrialization as the salvation of the economically backward South | Henry Grady
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| Eloquent leader of a secretive labor organization that made substantial gains in the 1880s before it suddenly collapsed | Terence V. Powderly
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| Intellectual defender of laissez-faire capitalism who argued that the wealthy owed "nothing" to the poor | William Graham Sumner
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| Illinois governor who pardoned the Haymarket anarchists | John P. Altgeld
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| Organizer of a conservative craft-union group and advocate of "more" wages for skilled workers | Samuel Gompers
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| Cause: Federal land grants and subsidies | Effect: Encouraged the railroads to build their lines across the North American continent
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| Cause: The building of a transcontinental rail network | Effect: Stimulated the growth of a huge unified national market for American manufactured goods
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| Cause: Corrupt financial dealings and political manipulations by the railroads | Created a public demand for railroad regulation, such as the Interstate Commerce Act
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| Cause: New developments in steel making, oil refining, and communication | Laid the technological basis for huge new industries and spectacular economic growth
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| Cause: The ruthless competitive techniques of Rockefeller and other industrialists | Eliminated competition and created monopolistic "trusts" in many industries
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| Cause: The growing concentration of wealth and power in the new corporate "plutocracy" | Fostered growing class divisions and public demands for restraints on corporate trusts
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| Cause: The North's use of discriminatory price practices against the South | Kept the South in economic dependency as a poverty-stricken supplier of farm products and raw materials to the Northeast
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| Cause: The growing mechanization and depersonalization of factory work | Often made laborers feel powerless and vulnerable to their well-off employers
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| Cause: The Haymarket Square bombing | Helped destroy the Knights of Labor and increased public fear of labor agitation
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| The American Federation of Labor's concentration on skilled craft workers | Created a strong but narrowly based union organization
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| The new cities' glittering consumer economy was symbolized especially by the rise of... | Large, elegant department stores
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| One of the most difficult new problems generated by the rise of cities and the urban American lifestyle was... | Disposing of large quantities of consumer-generated waste material
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| Two new technical developments of the late 19th century that contributed to the spectacular growth of American cities were... | The electric trolley and the skyscraper
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| Countries from which many of the "New Immigrants" came included... | Poland and Italy
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| Among the factors driving millions of European peasants from their homeland to American were... | American food imports and religious persecution
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| Besides providing direct services to immigrants, the reformers of Hull House worked for general goals like... | Antisweatshop laws to protect women and child laborers
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| The one immigrant group that was totally banned from America after 1882 as a result of nativist agitation was the... | Chinese
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| Two religious groups that grew most dramatically because of the "New Immigration" were... | Jews and Roman Catholics
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| The phrase "social Gospel" refers to... | The efforts of some Christian reformers to apply their religious beliefs to new social problems
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| Besides aiding immigrants and promoting social reforms, settlement houses like Jane Addams's Hull House demonstrated that... | The cities offered new challenges and opportunities for women
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| Traditional American Protestant religion received a substantial blow from... | The biological ideas of Charles Darwin
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| Unlike Booker T. Washington, WEB Du Bois (the smoke king) (he is black) advocated... | Integration and social equality for blacks
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| In the late 19th century, American colleges and universities benefited especially from... | Federal and state "land grant" assistance and the private philanthropy of wealthy donors
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| American social reformers like Henry George and Edward Bellamy advocated... | Utopian reforms to end poverty and eliminate class conflict
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| Authors like Mark Twain, Stephen Crane, and Jack London turned American literature toward a greater concern with... | Social realism and contemporary problems
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| High-rise urban buildings that provided barrackslike housing for urban slum dwellers | Dumbbell tenement
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| Term for the post-1880 newcomers who came to America primarily from southern and eastern Europe | New Immigration
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| Immigrants who came to America for a time and then returned to their native land | Birds of passage
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| The religious doctrines preached by those who believed the churches should directly address economic and social problems | Social gospel
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| Settlement house in the Chicago slums that became a model for women's involvement in urban social reform | Hull House
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| Profession established by Jane Addams and others that opened new opportunities for women while engaging urban problems | Social work
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| Nativist organization that attacked "New Immigrants" and Roman Catholicism in the 1880s and 1890s | American Protective Association
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| The church that became the largest American religious group, mainly as a result of the "New Immigration" | Roman Catholicism
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| Black educational institution founded by Booker T. Washington to provide training in agriculture and crafts | Tuskegee Institute
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| Organization founded by WEB Du Bois (the smoke king) (he is black) and others to advance black social and economic equality | National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
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| Henry George's best selling book that advocated social reform through the imposition of a "single tax" on land | Progress and Poverty
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| Federal law promoted by a self-appointed morality crusader and used to prosecute moral and sexual dissidents | Comstock Law
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| Charlotte Perkins Gilman's book urging women to enter the work force and advocating cooperative kitchens and child-care centers | Women and Economics
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| Organization formed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and others to promote the vote for women | National American Women's Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
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| Women's organization founded by reformer Frances Willard and others to oppose alcohol consumption | Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)
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| Chicago-based architect whose high-rise | Louis Sullivan
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| Leading Protestant advocate of the "social gospel" who tried to make Christianity relevant to urban and industrial problems | Walter Rauschenbusch
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| Leading social reformer who lived with the poor in the slums and pioneered new forms of activism for women | Jane Addams
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| Popular evangelical preacher who brought the tradition of old-time revivalism to the industrial city | Dwight L. Moody
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| Author and founder of a popular new religion based on principles of spiritual healing | Mary Baker Eddy
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| Former slave who promoted industrial education and economic opportunity but not social equality for blacks | Booker T. Washington
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| Harvard-educated scholar and advocate of full black social and economic equality through the leadership of a "talented tenth" | WEB Du Bois (the smoke king) (he is black)
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| Harvard scholar who made original contributions to modern psychology and philosophy | William James
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| Controversial reformer whose book Progress and Poverty advocated solving problems of economic inequality by a tax on land | Henry George
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| Gifted but isolated New England poet, the bulk of whose works were not published until after her death | Emily Dickinson
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| Midwestern-born writer and lecturer who created a new style of American literature based on social realism and humor | Mark Twain
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| Radical feminist propagandist whose eloquent attacks on conventional social morality shocked many Americans in the 1870s | Victoria Woodhull
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| Vigorous 19th century crusader for sexual "purity" who used federal law to enforce his moral views | Anthony Comstock
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| Brilliant feminist writer who advocated cooperative cooking and child-care arrangements to promote women's economic independence and equality | Charlotte Perkins Gilman
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| Well-connected and socially prominent historian who feared modern trends and sought relief in the beauty and culture of the past | Henry Adams
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| Cause: New industrial jobs and urban excitement | Lured millions of rural Americans off the farms and into the cities
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| Cause: Uncontrolled rapid growth and the "New Immigration" from Europe | Created intense poverty and other problems in the crowded urban slums
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| Cause: Cheap American grain exports to Europe | Helped uproot European peasants from their ancestral lands and sent them seeking new opportunities in America and elsewhere
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| Cause: The cultural strangeness and poverty of southern and eastern European immigrants | Provoked sharp hostility from some native-born Americans and organized labor groups
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| Cause: Social gospel ministers and settlement-house workers | Assisted immigrants and other slum dwellers and pricked middle-class consciences about urban problems
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| Cause: Darwinian science and growing urban materialism | Weakened the religious influence in American society and created divisions within the churches
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| Cause: Government land grants and private philanthropy | Supported the substantial improvements in American undergraduate and graduate education in the late 19th century
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| Cause: Popular newspapers and "yellow journalism" | Encouraged the mass urban public's taste for scandal and sensation
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| Cause: Changes in moral and sexual attitudes | Created sharp divisions about the "new morality" and issues such as divorce
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| Cause: The difficulties of family life in the industrial city | Led women and men to delay marriage and have fewer children
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| Western Indians offered strong resistance to white expansion through their effective use of... | Repeating rifles and horses
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| Intertribal warfare among Plains Indians increased in the late 19th century because of... | Growing competition for the rapidly dwindling hunting grounds
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| The federal government's attempt to confine Indians to certain areas through formal treaties was largely ineffective because... | The nomadic Plains Indians largely rejected the idea of formal authority and defined territory
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| The warfare that led up to the Battle of Little Big Horn was set off by... | White intrusions after the discovery of gold in the sacred Black Hills
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| Indian resistance was finally subdued because... | The coming of the railroad led to the destruction of the buffalo and the Indians' way of life
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| The federal government attempted to forced Indians away from their traditional values and customs by... | Creating a network of children's boarding schools and white "field matrons"
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| Both the mining and cattle frontiers saw... | A movement from individual operations to large-scale corporate businesses
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| The problem of developing agriculture in the arid West was solved most successfully through... | The use of irrigation from dammed western rivers
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| The "safety valve" theory of the frontier holds that... | Unemployed city dwellers could move west and thus relieve labor conflict in the East
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| True or false: The problem of applying new technologies in a hostile wilderness made the trans-Mississippi West a unique part of the American frontier experience. | False
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| By the 1880s, most western farmers faced hard times because... | They were forced to sell their grain at low prices in a depressed world market
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| True or false: Creation of a national system of unemployment insurance and old-age pensions was among the political goals advocated by the Populist Party. | False
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| The US government's response to the Pullman strike aroused great anger from organized labor because... | It seemed to represent "government by injunction" designed to destroy labor unions
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| William Jennings Bryan gained the Democratic nomination in 1896 because he strongly advocated... | Unlimited coinage of silver in order to inflate currency
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| McKinley defeated Bryan primarily because he was able to win the support of... | Eastern wage earners and city dwellers
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| Major northern Plains Indian nation that fought and eventually lost a bitter war against the US Army, 1876-1877 | Sioux
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| Southwestern Indian tribe led by Geronimo that carried out some of the last fighting against white conquest | Apaches
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| Generally poor areas where vanquished Indians were eventually confined under federal control | Reservations
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| Indian religious movement, originating out of the sacred Sun Dance that the federal government attempted to stamp out in 1890 | Ghost Dance
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| Federal law that attempted to dissolve tribal landholding and establish Indians as individual farmers | Dawes Severalty Act
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| Huge silver and gold deposit that brought wealth and statehood to Nevada | Comstock Lode
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| General term for the herding of cattle from the grassy plains to the railroad terminals of Kansas, Nebraska, and Wyoming | Long drive
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| Federal law that offered generous land opportunities to poorer farmers but also provided the unscrupulous with opportunities for hoaxes and fraud | Homestead Act
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| Improved type of fencing that enabled farmers to enclose land on the treeless plains | Barbed wire
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| Former "Indian territory" where "sooners" tried to get the jump on "boomers" when it was opened for settlement in 1889 | Oklahoma
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| Third political party that emerged in the 1890s to express rural grievances and mount major attacks on the Democrats and Republicans | Populists (People's Party)
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| Popular pamphlet written by William Hope Harvey that portrayed pro-silver arguments triumphing over the traditional views of bankers and economics professors | Coin's Financial School
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| Bitter labor conflict in Chicago that brought federal intervention and the jailing of union leader Eugene V. Debs | Pullman strike
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| Spectacular convention speech by a young pro-silver advocate that brought him the Democratic presidential nomination in 1896 | Cross of Gold speech
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| Popular term for those who favored the "status quo" in metal money and opposed the pro-silver Bryanites in 1896 | "Goldbugs"
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| Site of Indian massacre by militia forces in 1864 | Sand Creek, Colorado
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| Site of major US Army defeat in the Sioux War of 1876-1877 | Little Big Horn
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| Leader of the Sioux during wars of 1876-1877 | Sitting Bull
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| Leader of the Nez Perce tribe who conducted a brilliant but unsuccessful military campaign in 1877 | Chief Joseph
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| Leader of the Apaches of Arizona in their warfare with the whites | Geronimo
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| Massachusetts writer whose books aroused sympathy for the plight of the Native Americans | Helen Hunt Jackson
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| Explorer and geologist who warned that traditional agriculture could not succeed west of the 100th meridian | John Wesley Powell
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| Author of the popular pro-silver pamphlet "Coin's Financial School" | William Hope Harvey
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| Railway union leader who converted to socialism while serving jail time during the Pullman strike | Eugene V. Debs
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| Former Civil War general and Granger who ran as the Greenback Labor party candidate for president in 1880 | James B. Weaver
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| Eloquent Kansas Populist who urged farmers to "raise less corn and more hell" | Mary E. Lease
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| Ohio industrialist and organizer of McKinley's victory over Bryan in the election of 1896 | Mark Hanna
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| Cause: The encroachment of white settlement and the violation of treaties with Indians | Led to nearly constant warfare with Plains Indians from 1868 to about 1890
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| Cause: Railroad building, disease, and the destruction of the buffalo | Decimated Indian populations and hastened their defeat at the hands of advancing whites
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| Cause: Reformers' attempts to make Native Americans conform to white ways | Further undermined Native Americans' traditional tribal culture and morale
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| Cause: The coming of big-business mining and stock-raising to the West | Ended the romantic, colorful era of the miners' and cattlemen's frontier
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| Cause: "Dry farming," barbed wire, and irrigation | Made it possible to farm the dry, treeless areas of the Great Plains and the West
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| Cause: The passing of the frontier of 1890 | Created new psychological and economic problems for a nation accustomed to a boundlessly open West
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| Cause: The growing economic specialization of western farmers | Made settlers vulnerable to vast industrial and market forces beyond their control
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| Cause: The rise of the Populist Party in the early 1890s | Threatened the two-party domination of American politics by the Democrats and Republicans
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| Cause: The economic depression that began in 1893 | Caused widespread protests and strikes like the one against the Pullman Company in Chicago
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| Cause: The return of prosperity after 1897 and new gold discoveries in Alaska, South Africa, and elsewhere | Effectively ended the free-silver agitation and the domination of the money question in American politics
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|
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