History Midterm 2013
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| During the Gilded Age period of rapid industrialization which of the following played vital roles? | technology, cheap labour, and corporate structures?
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| What was the significance of the development of Edison's light bulb? | it created a demand for electricity thus creating new industries
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| In addition to creating new technology, many inventors also played what other role in the Gilded Age economy? | they were entrepreneurs
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| Corporations bought new machines in order to achieve | economies of scale.
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| Thomas Edison's development of the phonograph was envisioned as a practical tool for office workers. Instead it created what? | the recorded sound industry.
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| When a single company achieves control of an entire market, it is known as | a monopoly.
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| The government offered each railroad company building the transcontinental railroad land along its right-of-way to | encourage the growth of towns along the tracks.
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| Issuing stock allows a corporation to raise large amounts of money for big projects while | spreading out the financial risk.
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| What type of business does not produce anything itself? | a holding company.
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| How did the rebate policies of the railroads help Standard Oil and John D. Rockefeller? | it decreased his shipping costs allowing him to lower his prices and gain more market share
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| Supporters of laissez-faire government believed the government should interfere in the economy only to | protect property rights and maintain peace
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| In the Delong article on Robber Barons, the author makes the claim that the robber barrons were totally corrupt. He bases this claim on | the belief that bribery of politicians was just and right.
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| According to Professor Delong, in his article on the Robber Barons, Senator Aldrich of Rhode Island was referred to as "the Senator from Standard Oil". This means | he used his political power to favor Standard Oil.
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| What role did JP Morgan play in the development of the American economy after the Civil War? | he provided capital for the development of railroad lines.
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| Unlike a small business, a corporation | is owned by shareholders
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| In studying the business cycle, profits are up during a high period. What else is likely to happen during this period? | inflation
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| The creation of a transcontinental railroad network and the use of the refrigerated box cars created which of the following? | a national market
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| Department stores changed the idea of shopping by | bringing together a huge array of different products
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| The use of catalogues and advertisements helped create | a national market for products
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| By the 1890s, more than half of all immigrants in the United States were | eastern and southern Europeans
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| A letter (C or H etc.) on an immigrant's coat at Ellis island indicated | a possible contagious disease
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| Russian Jews were "pushed" out of Russia due to which of the following conditions? | pogroms
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| A shtetl is | a poor Jewish village in Eastern Europe
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| According to Mary Antin, which of the following was a condition of life in "The Pale" | unfair competition from Gentile businesses
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| Why were Americans so concerned about immigrants assimilating into American culture? | they feared the loss of the English language
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| In differentiating themselves from the WASP and middle classes, the noveau riche | built large, expensive homes and collected art
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| In order to gain admission to the United States, immigrants has to pass through immigration stations. Which of the following would have been part of the experience? | physical and mental examinations
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| When immigrants from Europe arrived in America, they typically settled in | ghettos
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| "New immigrant" groups of the Gilded Age all had what characteristic in common? | they practiced non-Protestant religions
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| Anti-Irish feelings in America typically centered on the belief that | As Catholics, the Irish would threaten Protestantism.
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| The Noveau riche identified themselves through | conspicuous consumption of goods
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| The purchase of new household technology by the middle class | allowed more middle class women to engage in leisure and civic activites
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| Ethnic ghettoes were defined by which of the following criteria? | churches, synagogues, and grocerias
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| The Lower East Side is | an ethnic ghetto in New York
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| Which of the following supported immigrant women and children through education and job training? | settlement house women
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| Which of the following would indicate significant changes to American class structure by 1890? | the creation of genealogical societies and country clubs
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| Political machines, in exchange for votes, provided immigrants with | jobs and housing, and police protection
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| The purchase of books and music by the middle class | created an illusion of education and culture.
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| Employers generally viewed unions as | conspiracies that interfered with property rights
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| Democrats lost the election of 1896 because | the Populist movement was rejected by voters in the industrial cities
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| The Knights of Labour supported which of the following goals? | end to child labour and an 8 hour work day
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| New technology helped farmers produce more crops, which caused | prices to fall
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| Which of the following were major issues in the election of 1896? | freesilver
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| The Knights of Labour suffered a steady decline in membership and influence due to lost strikes and | the Haymarket Riot
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| A ______ was a technique for breaking a union in which the company refused to allow workers onto their property. | lockout
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| In order to alleviate the burden of high bank debt, the Populists advocated | the free coinage of silver
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| In response to the lockout at Homestead, workers | violently battled with Pinkerton agents
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| During the Uprising of 20,000 in NYC, factory owners used their relationship with ____ to help break the strike. | Tammany Hall
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| Clara Lemlich | sweatshop worker who helped organize the Uprising of the 20,000
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| A strike is | a work stoppage
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| Under the philosophy of Social Darwinism, owners of companies have a moral responsibility to their workers because | the owners are given more talent and intelligence and must use it in a beneficial way
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| In order to combat falling prices due to competition, farmers did which of the following | organized farmer's cooperatives
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| The AFL was characterized by which of the following? | the AFL favored negotiations over more radical techniques like strikes
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| Why was the Haymarket Riot so significant to the labour movement? | it led to an association between labour and radical violence
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| Eugene Debs | head of the American Railway Union
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| In the election of 1896, who strongly pushed for the abandonment of the gold standard? | William Jennings Bryan
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| The Uprising of the 20,000 ultimately failed because | the cold weather and lack of funds caused the strikers to give up
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| Which of the following would NOT be considered a common industrial working condition of the late 1800s? | sick and disability time off
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| Which of the following best defines the Progressive movement? | middle-class response to urbanization and industrialization
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| Progressives worked for all of the following EXCEPT | establishment of laissez-faire clauses
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| Which of the following beliefs was strongly advocated by Progressives? | that government could work if fixed
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| Why did progressive reforms become so important by the early 1900s? | big business was creating environmental and workplace problems
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| Progressivism was partly a reaction against ___ economics, which emphasized an unregulated free market. | laissez-faire
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| What role did muckrakers play during the Progressive Era? | they wrote books and articles exposing problems in America
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| As a result of the publication of The Jungle, reformers in Congress passed which law | Pure Food and Drug Act
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| In Muller v. Oregon, the Supreme Court declared | the 10 hour work day for women was in fact constitutional
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| As a result of the initiative reform | citizens can propose a state law bypassing the state legislature
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| The 16th and 17th Amendments | create a national income tax and the direct election of US senators
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| In the Northern Securities case, Teddy Roosevelt was able to prove | that attempts by railroad men to control transportation in the Northwest violated anti-trust laws
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| Theodore Roosevelt viewed the coal miners strike against mine owners in 1902 as an example of | groups pursuing their private interest at the expense of the nation
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| In order to prevent the destruction of natural resources, President Roosevelt did what? | set aside land as federal preserves
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| The Federal Reserve System was created to | help stabilize the economy through a national banking system
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| Why did women oppose the women's suffrage movement? | they saw politics as beneath a woman's dignity
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| Mississippi took the first step to prohibit African Americans from voting when it required that all citizens registering to vote pay a | poll tax
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| To combat the provisions of the 14th Amendment, southern state governments created | separate but equal facilities
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| In Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court decided that | separate but equal laws were constitutional
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| The sharecropping system kept blacks tied to the land by | cheating black workers out of wages earned in the feilds
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| In using the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, TR was | balance the needs of big businesses with protection for consumers and small businesses
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| What is the connection between women's suffrage and prohibition? | in states where women could vote, they often supported a ban on alcohol
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| The purpose of the Volstead Act was to | enforce Prohibition
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| Many Americans feared that the country was losing its traditional values and responded by joining a religious movement known as | Fundamentalism
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| Xenophobia in the 1920s can best be seen through | the Palmer raids
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| Why was John Scopes put on trial? | violation of the Butler Act
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| The Volstead Act allowed for certain exceptions for alcohol. Which of the following was not an exception to Prohibition | bootleg whiskey
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| As more Americans explored the ______ world they moved away from the sacred world. | secular
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| While most people publicly supported Prohibition, many privately drank. This was possible due to which of the following circumstances? | Bootlegging, Moonshining, and Speakeasies
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| What was the connection between fundamentalism and Prohibition? | both were rooted in the strong belief in small town American values
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| The Palmer Raids of 1919-1920 demonstrated America's increasing concern over | the threat from communism
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| Al Capone was | America's most notorious bootlegger
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| Which of the following factors hampered the federal government in its attempt to enforce Prohibition? | lack of money and corrupt politicians
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| The National Origins Acts were intended to | favor immigrants from Northern and Western Europe
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| Many Americans considered young people of the 1920s to be languid or | lazy
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| The United States Census of 1920 showed what significant new trend in the US? | more people lived in the cities than in rural America
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| What role did The Great War play in bringing in prohibition of alcohol? | it connected anti-German beliefs with the evils of alcohol
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| Why did Prohibition fail by the end of the 1920s? | it created a violent national network of criminals, it was expensive to enforce, most Americans did not support the law and drank anyways
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| Enforcement of Prohibition was difficult because many elected officials would not strongly enforce the laws. Which president of the 1920s would best fit this description? | the stikers were Warren Harding
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| The strikes of 1919 all failed in large part because: | the strikers were portrayed as un-american
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| In order to spur consumerism, manufacturers used what new strategy? | planned obsolescence
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| Each of the three Presidents in the 1920s had what in common? | All three were anti-progressive and pro-business
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| The rise of the stock market in the 1920s demonstrated the | belief in riches for everyone
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| What would be a major difference between the economy of the Guilded Age and the economy of the 1920s? | regulation of business
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| Buying on margin was a method of buying stocks | with mostly borrowed money
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| By manufacturing the Model-T, Henry Ford was creating new jobs. How were these new jobs created? | increased demand for cars led to new jobs created in the glass and rubber industries
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| During the Great Depression, when a bank collapsed, | depositors lost their savings
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| In search of work or a better life during the Depression, many unemployed people | rode the rails
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| Amongst the many problems of the Dust Bowl, this was the most deadly | dust pneumonia
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| Which of the following would have been a cause of the Dust Bowl? | overproduction of wheat
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| How did the majority of Plains farmers respond to the conditions of the Dust Bowl? | they continued to plant and hope it would rain
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| During the Depression, charities set up _____ to give poor people a meal. | soup kitchens
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| The Hawley-Smoot Tariff had what effect on the American economy? | it led to a trade war with Europeans, leading to less consumption of American goods
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| Newly homeless people put up communities of shacks or shantytowns that they called | Hoovervilles
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| Underconsumption was a major cause of the Great Depression because | It led to a drop in the price of consumer goods
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| A citizen of the Tri-Town is hurt by the stock market crash despite having no money invested in the market. How is this possible? | Their bank closed due to unpaid loans
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| The stock market took its steepest dive on October 29th, 1929, the day now known as | Black Tuesday
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| The stock market Crash in 1929 contributed to the onset of the Great Depression in what way? | it caused a loss of confidence in the economy
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| A long period of rising stock prices is known as a | bull market
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| How did the real life problems facing many Americans impact of the making of the movies of the 1930s? | Hollywood created escapist fantasies allowing people to forget their problems
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| Speculators bought stocks, betting that the market would continue to climb so that they could make a quick profit. This created what problem? | unstable stock prices
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| The rising consumerism of the 1920s contributed to the economic crisis of the the 1930s in what way? | increased debt for the average family
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| When too few people have too much money this is known as uneven distribution of wealth. How does this help cause an economic downturn or recession? | the rich tend to spend on luxury items contributing to underconsumption
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| When banks closed, how did this contribute to higher unemployment? | banks restricted their lending of money, leading to decreased business oppertunities
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| The policy of trickle down economics helped stimulate the economy in the 1920s by | cutting taxes on the rich leading to reinvestment and jobs
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| The policy of trickle down economics led to a crash in the economy because | it led to uneven income distribution
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| As families left the Great Plains, what impact did this exodus have on farming communities? | it caused stores and banks to close
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| Unions declined during the 1920s in part because many corporations instituted | welfare capitalism
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| The significance of Ford's Model-T can best be described as | it helped create mass consumerism
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| The political philosophy of Calvin Coolidge can best be described as | the business of America is business
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| President Harding's secretary of the interior, Albert B. Fall, secretly allowed private interests to lease lands containing US Navy oil reserves, causing a scandal that came to be known as the | Teapot Dome scandal.
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