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Am.History Midterm13
History Midterm 2013
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| During the Gilded Age period of rapid industrialization which of the following played vital roles? | technology, cheap labour, and corporate structures? |
| What was the significance of the development of Edison's light bulb? | it created a demand for electricity thus creating new industries |
| In addition to creating new technology, many inventors also played what other role in the Gilded Age economy? | they were entrepreneurs |
| Corporations bought new machines in order to achieve | economies of scale. |
| Thomas Edison's development of the phonograph was envisioned as a practical tool for office workers. Instead it created what? | the recorded sound industry. |
| When a single company achieves control of an entire market, it is known as | a monopoly. |
| The government offered each railroad company building the transcontinental railroad land along its right-of-way to | encourage the growth of towns along the tracks. |
| Issuing stock allows a corporation to raise large amounts of money for big projects while | spreading out the financial risk. |
| What type of business does not produce anything itself? | a holding company. |
| How did the rebate policies of the railroads help Standard Oil and John D. Rockefeller? | it decreased his shipping costs allowing him to lower his prices and gain more market share |
| Supporters of laissez-faire government believed the government should interfere in the economy only to | protect property rights and maintain peace |
| In the Delong article on Robber Barons, the author makes the claim that the robber barrons were totally corrupt. He bases this claim on | the belief that bribery of politicians was just and right. |
| According to Professor Delong, in his article on the Robber Barons, Senator Aldrich of Rhode Island was referred to as "the Senator from Standard Oil". This means | he used his political power to favor Standard Oil. |
| What role did JP Morgan play in the development of the American economy after the Civil War? | he provided capital for the development of railroad lines. |
| Unlike a small business, a corporation | is owned by shareholders |
| In studying the business cycle, profits are up during a high period. What else is likely to happen during this period? | inflation |
| The creation of a transcontinental railroad network and the use of the refrigerated box cars created which of the following? | a national market |
| Department stores changed the idea of shopping by | bringing together a huge array of different products |
| The use of catalogues and advertisements helped create | a national market for products |
| By the 1890s, more than half of all immigrants in the United States were | eastern and southern Europeans |
| A letter (C or H etc.) on an immigrant's coat at Ellis island indicated | a possible contagious disease |
| Russian Jews were "pushed" out of Russia due to which of the following conditions? | pogroms |
| A shtetl is | a poor Jewish village in Eastern Europe |
| According to Mary Antin, which of the following was a condition of life in "The Pale" | unfair competition from Gentile businesses |
| Why were Americans so concerned about immigrants assimilating into American culture? | they feared the loss of the English language |
| In differentiating themselves from the WASP and middle classes, the noveau riche | built large, expensive homes and collected art |
| In order to gain admission to the United States, immigrants has to pass through immigration stations. Which of the following would have been part of the experience? | physical and mental examinations |
| When immigrants from Europe arrived in America, they typically settled in | ghettos |
| "New immigrant" groups of the Gilded Age all had what characteristic in common? | they practiced non-Protestant religions |
| Anti-Irish feelings in America typically centered on the belief that | As Catholics, the Irish would threaten Protestantism. |
| The Noveau riche identified themselves through | conspicuous consumption of goods |
| The purchase of new household technology by the middle class | allowed more middle class women to engage in leisure and civic activites |
| Ethnic ghettoes were defined by which of the following criteria? | churches, synagogues, and grocerias |
| The Lower East Side is | an ethnic ghetto in New York |
| Which of the following supported immigrant women and children through education and job training? | settlement house women |
| Which of the following would indicate significant changes to American class structure by 1890? | the creation of genealogical societies and country clubs |
| Political machines, in exchange for votes, provided immigrants with | jobs and housing, and police protection |
| The purchase of books and music by the middle class | created an illusion of education and culture. |
| Employers generally viewed unions as | conspiracies that interfered with property rights |
| Democrats lost the election of 1896 because | the Populist movement was rejected by voters in the industrial cities |
| The Knights of Labour supported which of the following goals? | end to child labour and an 8 hour work day |
| New technology helped farmers produce more crops, which caused | prices to fall |
| Which of the following were major issues in the election of 1896? | freesilver |
| The Knights of Labour suffered a steady decline in membership and influence due to lost strikes and | the Haymarket Riot |
| A ______ was a technique for breaking a union in which the company refused to allow workers onto their property. | lockout |
| In order to alleviate the burden of high bank debt, the Populists advocated | the free coinage of silver |
| In response to the lockout at Homestead, workers | violently battled with Pinkerton agents |
| During the Uprising of 20,000 in NYC, factory owners used their relationship with ____ to help break the strike. | Tammany Hall |
| Clara Lemlich | sweatshop worker who helped organize the Uprising of the 20,000 |
| A strike is | a work stoppage |
| Under the philosophy of Social Darwinism, owners of companies have a moral responsibility to their workers because | the owners are given more talent and intelligence and must use it in a beneficial way |
| In order to combat falling prices due to competition, farmers did which of the following | organized farmer's cooperatives |
| The AFL was characterized by which of the following? | the AFL favored negotiations over more radical techniques like strikes |
| Why was the Haymarket Riot so significant to the labour movement? | it led to an association between labour and radical violence |
| Eugene Debs | head of the American Railway Union |
| In the election of 1896, who strongly pushed for the abandonment of the gold standard? | William Jennings Bryan |
| The Uprising of the 20,000 ultimately failed because | the cold weather and lack of funds caused the strikers to give up |
| Which of the following would NOT be considered a common industrial working condition of the late 1800s? | sick and disability time off |
| Which of the following best defines the Progressive movement? | middle-class response to urbanization and industrialization |
| Progressives worked for all of the following EXCEPT | establishment of laissez-faire clauses |
| Which of the following beliefs was strongly advocated by Progressives? | that government could work if fixed |
| Why did progressive reforms become so important by the early 1900s? | big business was creating environmental and workplace problems |
| Progressivism was partly a reaction against ___ economics, which emphasized an unregulated free market. | laissez-faire |
| What role did muckrakers play during the Progressive Era? | they wrote books and articles exposing problems in America |
| As a result of the publication of The Jungle, reformers in Congress passed which law | Pure Food and Drug Act |
| In Muller v. Oregon, the Supreme Court declared | the 10 hour work day for women was in fact constitutional |
| As a result of the initiative reform | citizens can propose a state law bypassing the state legislature |
| The 16th and 17th Amendments | create a national income tax and the direct election of US senators |
| In the Northern Securities case, Teddy Roosevelt was able to prove | that attempts by railroad men to control transportation in the Northwest violated anti-trust laws |
| Theodore Roosevelt viewed the coal miners strike against mine owners in 1902 as an example of | groups pursuing their private interest at the expense of the nation |
| In order to prevent the destruction of natural resources, President Roosevelt did what? | set aside land as federal preserves |
| The Federal Reserve System was created to | help stabilize the economy through a national banking system |
| Why did women oppose the women's suffrage movement? | they saw politics as beneath a woman's dignity |
| Mississippi took the first step to prohibit African Americans from voting when it required that all citizens registering to vote pay a | poll tax |
| To combat the provisions of the 14th Amendment, southern state governments created | separate but equal facilities |
| In Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court decided that | separate but equal laws were constitutional |
| The sharecropping system kept blacks tied to the land by | cheating black workers out of wages earned in the feilds |
| In using the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, TR was | balance the needs of big businesses with protection for consumers and small businesses |
| What is the connection between women's suffrage and prohibition? | in states where women could vote, they often supported a ban on alcohol |
| The purpose of the Volstead Act was to | enforce Prohibition |
| Many Americans feared that the country was losing its traditional values and responded by joining a religious movement known as | Fundamentalism |
| Xenophobia in the 1920s can best be seen through | the Palmer raids |
| Why was John Scopes put on trial? | violation of the Butler Act |
| The Volstead Act allowed for certain exceptions for alcohol. Which of the following was not an exception to Prohibition | bootleg whiskey |
| As more Americans explored the ______ world they moved away from the sacred world. | secular |
| While most people publicly supported Prohibition, many privately drank. This was possible due to which of the following circumstances? | Bootlegging, Moonshining, and Speakeasies |
| What was the connection between fundamentalism and Prohibition? | both were rooted in the strong belief in small town American values |
| The Palmer Raids of 1919-1920 demonstrated America's increasing concern over | the threat from communism |
| Al Capone was | America's most notorious bootlegger |
| Which of the following factors hampered the federal government in its attempt to enforce Prohibition? | lack of money and corrupt politicians |
| The National Origins Acts were intended to | favor immigrants from Northern and Western Europe |
| Many Americans considered young people of the 1920s to be languid or | lazy |
| The United States Census of 1920 showed what significant new trend in the US? | more people lived in the cities than in rural America |
| What role did The Great War play in bringing in prohibition of alcohol? | it connected anti-German beliefs with the evils of alcohol |
| Why did Prohibition fail by the end of the 1920s? | it created a violent national network of criminals, it was expensive to enforce, most Americans did not support the law and drank anyways |
| Enforcement of Prohibition was difficult because many elected officials would not strongly enforce the laws. Which president of the 1920s would best fit this description? | the stikers were Warren Harding |
| The strikes of 1919 all failed in large part because: | the strikers were portrayed as un-american |
| In order to spur consumerism, manufacturers used what new strategy? | planned obsolescence |
| Each of the three Presidents in the 1920s had what in common? | All three were anti-progressive and pro-business |
| The rise of the stock market in the 1920s demonstrated the | belief in riches for everyone |
| What would be a major difference between the economy of the Guilded Age and the economy of the 1920s? | regulation of business |
| Buying on margin was a method of buying stocks | with mostly borrowed money |
| By manufacturing the Model-T, Henry Ford was creating new jobs. How were these new jobs created? | increased demand for cars led to new jobs created in the glass and rubber industries |
| During the Great Depression, when a bank collapsed, | depositors lost their savings |
| In search of work or a better life during the Depression, many unemployed people | rode the rails |
| Amongst the many problems of the Dust Bowl, this was the most deadly | dust pneumonia |
| Which of the following would have been a cause of the Dust Bowl? | overproduction of wheat |
| How did the majority of Plains farmers respond to the conditions of the Dust Bowl? | they continued to plant and hope it would rain |
| During the Depression, charities set up _____ to give poor people a meal. | soup kitchens |
| The Hawley-Smoot Tariff had what effect on the American economy? | it led to a trade war with Europeans, leading to less consumption of American goods |
| Newly homeless people put up communities of shacks or shantytowns that they called | Hoovervilles |
| Underconsumption was a major cause of the Great Depression because | It led to a drop in the price of consumer goods |
| A citizen of the Tri-Town is hurt by the stock market crash despite having no money invested in the market. How is this possible? | Their bank closed due to unpaid loans |
| The stock market took its steepest dive on October 29th, 1929, the day now known as | Black Tuesday |
| The stock market Crash in 1929 contributed to the onset of the Great Depression in what way? | it caused a loss of confidence in the economy |
| A long period of rising stock prices is known as a | bull market |
| How did the real life problems facing many Americans impact of the making of the movies of the 1930s? | Hollywood created escapist fantasies allowing people to forget their problems |
| Speculators bought stocks, betting that the market would continue to climb so that they could make a quick profit. This created what problem? | unstable stock prices |
| The rising consumerism of the 1920s contributed to the economic crisis of the the 1930s in what way? | increased debt for the average family |
| When too few people have too much money this is known as uneven distribution of wealth. How does this help cause an economic downturn or recession? | the rich tend to spend on luxury items contributing to underconsumption |
| When banks closed, how did this contribute to higher unemployment? | banks restricted their lending of money, leading to decreased business oppertunities |
| The policy of trickle down economics helped stimulate the economy in the 1920s by | cutting taxes on the rich leading to reinvestment and jobs |
| The policy of trickle down economics led to a crash in the economy because | it led to uneven income distribution |
| As families left the Great Plains, what impact did this exodus have on farming communities? | it caused stores and banks to close |
| Unions declined during the 1920s in part because many corporations instituted | welfare capitalism |
| The significance of Ford's Model-T can best be described as | it helped create mass consumerism |
| The political philosophy of Calvin Coolidge can best be described as | the business of America is business |
| President Harding's secretary of the interior, Albert B. Fall, secretly allowed private interests to lease lands containing US Navy oil reserves, causing a scandal that came to be known as the | Teapot Dome scandal. |
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