humans and the microbial world
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| 1676 | antony van leeuwenhoek observed bacteria and protozoa using first microscope
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| 1796 | edward jenner intr a vaccination procedure for smallpox, injected son
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| 1838-1839 | mathias schleden and theodor schwann proposed that all organisms are composed of cells
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| 1847-1850 | ignaz semmelwels demonstrated that puerperal or dhildbed fever is contagious dz transmitted by physicians to their patients during childbirth (wash hands)
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| 1853-1854 | john snow demonstrated epidemic spread of cholera thru water supply contaiminated with human sewage
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| 1822-1895 | louis pasteur demonstrated that yeast can degrade sugar to ethanol
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| 1822-1895 | pasteur publishes experiment that refutes theory of spontaneuous generation
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| 1822-1895 | develops pasteurization as a method to destroy unwanted organisms in wine
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| 1827-1912 | joseph lister and antiseptics
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| joseph lister | father of antiseptic surgery
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| 1843-1910 | robert koch demonstrates that anthrax is caused by bacterium
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| 1843-1910 | koch introduces use of pure culture techniquies for handling bacteria in lab
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| 1843-1910 | koch indentifies causative agent of tuberculosis
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| 1843-1910 | koch states koch's postulates
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| pure culture | only one organism
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| 1845-1916 | elie metchnikoff discovers phagocytes and their role inengulfing bacteria
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| 1908 | paul ehrlich started chemo to treat dz
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| 1928 | fredrick griffith discovered genetic transformation in bacteria
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| 1929 | alexander fleming discovers and describes properties of the first antibiotic
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| first antibiotic | penicillin
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| 1944 | oswald avery, colin macleod, and maclyn mccarty demonstrated that griffiths transforming principle is DNA
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| 1944 | joshua lederberg and edward tarum demonstrated that DNA can be transferred from one bacterium to another
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| conjugation | process of genetic recombination between 2 organisms (bacteria or protists) via cytoplasmic bridge between them
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| 1953 | james watson, francis crick, rosalind franklin, and maurice wilkins determine structure of DNA
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| microbiology | study of organisms too small to be seen with human eye
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| microbiology born as science | 1674
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| anthony van leeuwenhoek | dutch drapery merchant, ground lens to view fabric, peer into drop of lake water
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| animalcules | van leeuwenhoek called organisms this
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| spontaneous generation | organisms arise from nonliving matter
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| franscesco redi | italian biologist, physician, worms on rotting meat from flies, not spontaneous
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| louis pasteur | father of modern microbiology, air filled with microorganisms
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| swan neck flask | pasteur used to show air filled with microbes
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| john tyndall | concluded different infusions required different boiling times, some 5 min. others 5 hours
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| endospore | heat resistant life form
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| ferdinand cohn | discovered endospores
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| organisms responsible | for production of oxygen and nitrogen, key elements for all living organisms
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| microorganisms | decomposers, responsible for breakdown of variety of material
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| probiotics | bacteria used to protect against intestinal infection & bowel cancer, good flora
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| fermentationof milk | used to produce yogurt, cheese, buttermilk
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| bioremediation | use organisms to degrade environmental waste, clean oil spills, radioactive waste, etc.
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| bacteria can synthesize | ethanol, pesticides, antibiotics, dietary amino acids
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| genetic engineering | introduce genes of one organism into an unrelated organism to confer new properties on organism
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| genetic engineering used to | produce medically important products an dvaccines, engineer plants to resist dz, gene therapy
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| 1854-1914 | golden age of microbiology
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| b/w 1875-1918 | most dz causing bacteria discovered
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| toxic shock syndrome | from tampons, disc in 1980's, high fever and low BP and rash are symptons
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| Legionnaires’ disease | disc. 1976, when many people who went to a Philadelphia convention of the American Legion suffered from an outbreak of this disease, a type of pneumonia
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| lyme dz | caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, transmitted to humans by the bite of infected blacklegged ticks, symptoms include fever, headache, fatigue, and rash
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| west nile dz | disc in 1999, symptoms are fever, headache, body aches, skin rash or swollen lymph glands
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| SARS | caused by a coronavirus, pneumonia like symptoms
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| factors associated with emergine diseases | changing lifestyles and genetic changes in organisms
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| resurgence of old dz | often more serious, resistant to treatment
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| reasons for resurgence | increase travel, unvaccinated indiv susceptible to infection
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| chronic diseases caused by | bacteria
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| gastric ulcers caused by | helicobacter pylori
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| pathogen | dz causing bacteria
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| bacteria outnumber cells in body | 10:1
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| domains | bacteria, archaea, eucarya, 3 domiains, but only 2 cell types
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| prokaryotes | unicellular, incl bacter adn archaea
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| eucarya | uni and multicellular
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| microbial world | living orgainsms and non living agents
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| protozoa | proteins, unicellular only
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| prokaryote | no membrance bound organelles
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| eukaryotes | have membrane bound organelles
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| bacteria and archaea | single celled organisms, no membrane bound nucleus, no other organelles
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| cytoplasm of prokaryotes | surrounded by rigid cell wall
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| eucarya | contain membrane bound nucleus, contain internal organelles, single or nulticellular, ex. mitochondria
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| domain bacteria | most common type in human infection
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| bacteria characteristics | rod-shaped, spherical and spiral; rigid cell walls
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| bacteria characteristics | multiply by binary fission, 1into2, 2into4, each cell identical to first, motile by flagella
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| domain archaea | rod shaped, sperhical, spiral, binary fission, motile by flagellum
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| archaea | chem composition of cell wall differ, found in extreme environments, extreme temps and high concentration of salts
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| domain eucarya | eukaryotic, composed of single cell eucarya-algae fungi, protozoa
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| algae | single and multicell organisms, contain chlorophyll, found near surface waters, rigid cell wall
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| chlorophyll | pigments used to absorb light to be used as energy source
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| fungi | single and multicellular, gain energy from organic materials, found on land, live off dead saprophytes
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| yeast | single cell fungi
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| molds | multi cell fungi
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| protozoa | microscopic, single celled, found in water and land, larger than prokaryote
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| protozoa | doesn't have rigid cell wall, energy from organic matter, motile, cilia, flagella, pseudopod
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| helminths | claled parasites, include round worms and tapeworms
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| strain | members of same pspecies may differ from one another in minor ways, ie. E. coli B or E.coli K12
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| binomial namein system | first word is genus, second species; first word capitalized, full name italicized
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| virus, viroids, prions | non-living, called agents, consis of few molecules found in living cells
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| virus | contain protein coat surrounding nucleic acid, protein bag of nucleic acid
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| virus termed obligate intracellular parasites | must have host to replicate, inactive outside of host
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| virus | all forms can be infected by virus, frequently kill host cells, some live with host
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| viroids | simpler than viruses, require host cell for replication, consist of single short piece of RNA, no protective protein coat
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| viroids | smaller than viruses, cause plant dz, no DNA genome, only RNA
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| prions | infectious proteins, no DNA or RNA
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| prions | responsible for six neurodegerative dz, animal-scrapie in sheep, mad cow; human-kuru, creutzfelt-jakob
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