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microbiology
humans and the microbial world
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1676 | antony van leeuwenhoek observed bacteria and protozoa using first microscope |
| 1796 | edward jenner intr a vaccination procedure for smallpox, injected son |
| 1838-1839 | mathias schleden and theodor schwann proposed that all organisms are composed of cells |
| 1847-1850 | ignaz semmelwels demonstrated that puerperal or dhildbed fever is contagious dz transmitted by physicians to their patients during childbirth (wash hands) |
| 1853-1854 | john snow demonstrated epidemic spread of cholera thru water supply contaiminated with human sewage |
| 1822-1895 | louis pasteur demonstrated that yeast can degrade sugar to ethanol |
| 1822-1895 | pasteur publishes experiment that refutes theory of spontaneuous generation |
| 1822-1895 | develops pasteurization as a method to destroy unwanted organisms in wine |
| 1827-1912 | joseph lister and antiseptics |
| joseph lister | father of antiseptic surgery |
| 1843-1910 | robert koch demonstrates that anthrax is caused by bacterium |
| 1843-1910 | koch introduces use of pure culture techniquies for handling bacteria in lab |
| 1843-1910 | koch indentifies causative agent of tuberculosis |
| 1843-1910 | koch states koch's postulates |
| pure culture | only one organism |
| 1845-1916 | elie metchnikoff discovers phagocytes and their role inengulfing bacteria |
| 1908 | paul ehrlich started chemo to treat dz |
| 1928 | fredrick griffith discovered genetic transformation in bacteria |
| 1929 | alexander fleming discovers and describes properties of the first antibiotic |
| first antibiotic | penicillin |
| 1944 | oswald avery, colin macleod, and maclyn mccarty demonstrated that griffiths transforming principle is DNA |
| 1944 | joshua lederberg and edward tarum demonstrated that DNA can be transferred from one bacterium to another |
| conjugation | process of genetic recombination between 2 organisms (bacteria or protists) via cytoplasmic bridge between them |
| 1953 | james watson, francis crick, rosalind franklin, and maurice wilkins determine structure of DNA |
| microbiology | study of organisms too small to be seen with human eye |
| microbiology born as science | 1674 |
| anthony van leeuwenhoek | dutch drapery merchant, ground lens to view fabric, peer into drop of lake water |
| animalcules | van leeuwenhoek called organisms this |
| spontaneous generation | organisms arise from nonliving matter |
| franscesco redi | italian biologist, physician, worms on rotting meat from flies, not spontaneous |
| louis pasteur | father of modern microbiology, air filled with microorganisms |
| swan neck flask | pasteur used to show air filled with microbes |
| john tyndall | concluded different infusions required different boiling times, some 5 min. others 5 hours |
| endospore | heat resistant life form |
| ferdinand cohn | discovered endospores |
| organisms responsible | for production of oxygen and nitrogen, key elements for all living organisms |
| microorganisms | decomposers, responsible for breakdown of variety of material |
| probiotics | bacteria used to protect against intestinal infection & bowel cancer, good flora |
| fermentationof milk | used to produce yogurt, cheese, buttermilk |
| bioremediation | use organisms to degrade environmental waste, clean oil spills, radioactive waste, etc. |
| bacteria can synthesize | ethanol, pesticides, antibiotics, dietary amino acids |
| genetic engineering | introduce genes of one organism into an unrelated organism to confer new properties on organism |
| genetic engineering used to | produce medically important products an dvaccines, engineer plants to resist dz, gene therapy |
| 1854-1914 | golden age of microbiology |
| b/w 1875-1918 | most dz causing bacteria discovered |
| toxic shock syndrome | from tampons, disc in 1980's, high fever and low BP and rash are symptons |
| Legionnaires’ disease | disc. 1976, when many people who went to a Philadelphia convention of the American Legion suffered from an outbreak of this disease, a type of pneumonia |
| lyme dz | caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, transmitted to humans by the bite of infected blacklegged ticks, symptoms include fever, headache, fatigue, and rash |
| west nile dz | disc in 1999, symptoms are fever, headache, body aches, skin rash or swollen lymph glands |
| SARS | caused by a coronavirus, pneumonia like symptoms |
| factors associated with emergine diseases | changing lifestyles and genetic changes in organisms |
| resurgence of old dz | often more serious, resistant to treatment |
| reasons for resurgence | increase travel, unvaccinated indiv susceptible to infection |
| chronic diseases caused by | bacteria |
| gastric ulcers caused by | helicobacter pylori |
| pathogen | dz causing bacteria |
| bacteria outnumber cells in body | 10:1 |
| domains | bacteria, archaea, eucarya, 3 domiains, but only 2 cell types |
| prokaryotes | unicellular, incl bacter adn archaea |
| eucarya | uni and multicellular |
| microbial world | living orgainsms and non living agents |
| protozoa | proteins, unicellular only |
| prokaryote | no membrance bound organelles |
| eukaryotes | have membrane bound organelles |
| bacteria and archaea | single celled organisms, no membrane bound nucleus, no other organelles |
| cytoplasm of prokaryotes | surrounded by rigid cell wall |
| eucarya | contain membrane bound nucleus, contain internal organelles, single or nulticellular, ex. mitochondria |
| domain bacteria | most common type in human infection |
| bacteria characteristics | rod-shaped, spherical and spiral; rigid cell walls |
| bacteria characteristics | multiply by binary fission, 1into2, 2into4, each cell identical to first, motile by flagella |
| domain archaea | rod shaped, sperhical, spiral, binary fission, motile by flagellum |
| archaea | chem composition of cell wall differ, found in extreme environments, extreme temps and high concentration of salts |
| domain eucarya | eukaryotic, composed of single cell eucarya-algae fungi, protozoa |
| algae | single and multicell organisms, contain chlorophyll, found near surface waters, rigid cell wall |
| chlorophyll | pigments used to absorb light to be used as energy source |
| fungi | single and multicellular, gain energy from organic materials, found on land, live off dead saprophytes |
| yeast | single cell fungi |
| molds | multi cell fungi |
| protozoa | microscopic, single celled, found in water and land, larger than prokaryote |
| protozoa | doesn't have rigid cell wall, energy from organic matter, motile, cilia, flagella, pseudopod |
| helminths | claled parasites, include round worms and tapeworms |
| strain | members of same pspecies may differ from one another in minor ways, ie. E. coli B or E.coli K12 |
| binomial namein system | first word is genus, second species; first word capitalized, full name italicized |
| virus, viroids, prions | non-living, called agents, consis of few molecules found in living cells |
| virus | contain protein coat surrounding nucleic acid, protein bag of nucleic acid |
| virus termed obligate intracellular parasites | must have host to replicate, inactive outside of host |
| virus | all forms can be infected by virus, frequently kill host cells, some live with host |
| viroids | simpler than viruses, require host cell for replication, consist of single short piece of RNA, no protective protein coat |
| viroids | smaller than viruses, cause plant dz, no DNA genome, only RNA |
| prions | infectious proteins, no DNA or RNA |
| prions | responsible for six neurodegerative dz, animal-scrapie in sheep, mad cow; human-kuru, creutzfelt-jakob |
Created by:
nndesananto
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