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microbiology
humans and the microbial world
Question | Answer |
---|---|
1676 | antony van leeuwenhoek observed bacteria and protozoa using first microscope |
1796 | edward jenner intr a vaccination procedure for smallpox, injected son |
1838-1839 | mathias schleden and theodor schwann proposed that all organisms are composed of cells |
1847-1850 | ignaz semmelwels demonstrated that puerperal or dhildbed fever is contagious dz transmitted by physicians to their patients during childbirth (wash hands) |
1853-1854 | john snow demonstrated epidemic spread of cholera thru water supply contaiminated with human sewage |
1822-1895 | louis pasteur demonstrated that yeast can degrade sugar to ethanol |
1822-1895 | pasteur publishes experiment that refutes theory of spontaneuous generation |
1822-1895 | develops pasteurization as a method to destroy unwanted organisms in wine |
1827-1912 | joseph lister and antiseptics |
joseph lister | father of antiseptic surgery |
1843-1910 | robert koch demonstrates that anthrax is caused by bacterium |
1843-1910 | koch introduces use of pure culture techniquies for handling bacteria in lab |
1843-1910 | koch indentifies causative agent of tuberculosis |
1843-1910 | koch states koch's postulates |
pure culture | only one organism |
1845-1916 | elie metchnikoff discovers phagocytes and their role inengulfing bacteria |
1908 | paul ehrlich started chemo to treat dz |
1928 | fredrick griffith discovered genetic transformation in bacteria |
1929 | alexander fleming discovers and describes properties of the first antibiotic |
first antibiotic | penicillin |
1944 | oswald avery, colin macleod, and maclyn mccarty demonstrated that griffiths transforming principle is DNA |
1944 | joshua lederberg and edward tarum demonstrated that DNA can be transferred from one bacterium to another |
conjugation | process of genetic recombination between 2 organisms (bacteria or protists) via cytoplasmic bridge between them |
1953 | james watson, francis crick, rosalind franklin, and maurice wilkins determine structure of DNA |
microbiology | study of organisms too small to be seen with human eye |
microbiology born as science | 1674 |
anthony van leeuwenhoek | dutch drapery merchant, ground lens to view fabric, peer into drop of lake water |
animalcules | van leeuwenhoek called organisms this |
spontaneous generation | organisms arise from nonliving matter |
franscesco redi | italian biologist, physician, worms on rotting meat from flies, not spontaneous |
louis pasteur | father of modern microbiology, air filled with microorganisms |
swan neck flask | pasteur used to show air filled with microbes |
john tyndall | concluded different infusions required different boiling times, some 5 min. others 5 hours |
endospore | heat resistant life form |
ferdinand cohn | discovered endospores |
organisms responsible | for production of oxygen and nitrogen, key elements for all living organisms |
microorganisms | decomposers, responsible for breakdown of variety of material |
probiotics | bacteria used to protect against intestinal infection & bowel cancer, good flora |
fermentationof milk | used to produce yogurt, cheese, buttermilk |
bioremediation | use organisms to degrade environmental waste, clean oil spills, radioactive waste, etc. |
bacteria can synthesize | ethanol, pesticides, antibiotics, dietary amino acids |
genetic engineering | introduce genes of one organism into an unrelated organism to confer new properties on organism |
genetic engineering used to | produce medically important products an dvaccines, engineer plants to resist dz, gene therapy |
1854-1914 | golden age of microbiology |
b/w 1875-1918 | most dz causing bacteria discovered |
toxic shock syndrome | from tampons, disc in 1980's, high fever and low BP and rash are symptons |
Legionnaires’ disease | disc. 1976, when many people who went to a Philadelphia convention of the American Legion suffered from an outbreak of this disease, a type of pneumonia |
lyme dz | caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, transmitted to humans by the bite of infected blacklegged ticks, symptoms include fever, headache, fatigue, and rash |
west nile dz | disc in 1999, symptoms are fever, headache, body aches, skin rash or swollen lymph glands |
SARS | caused by a coronavirus, pneumonia like symptoms |
factors associated with emergine diseases | changing lifestyles and genetic changes in organisms |
resurgence of old dz | often more serious, resistant to treatment |
reasons for resurgence | increase travel, unvaccinated indiv susceptible to infection |
chronic diseases caused by | bacteria |
gastric ulcers caused by | helicobacter pylori |
pathogen | dz causing bacteria |
bacteria outnumber cells in body | 10:1 |
domains | bacteria, archaea, eucarya, 3 domiains, but only 2 cell types |
prokaryotes | unicellular, incl bacter adn archaea |
eucarya | uni and multicellular |
microbial world | living orgainsms and non living agents |
protozoa | proteins, unicellular only |
prokaryote | no membrance bound organelles |
eukaryotes | have membrane bound organelles |
bacteria and archaea | single celled organisms, no membrane bound nucleus, no other organelles |
cytoplasm of prokaryotes | surrounded by rigid cell wall |
eucarya | contain membrane bound nucleus, contain internal organelles, single or nulticellular, ex. mitochondria |
domain bacteria | most common type in human infection |
bacteria characteristics | rod-shaped, spherical and spiral; rigid cell walls |
bacteria characteristics | multiply by binary fission, 1into2, 2into4, each cell identical to first, motile by flagella |
domain archaea | rod shaped, sperhical, spiral, binary fission, motile by flagellum |
archaea | chem composition of cell wall differ, found in extreme environments, extreme temps and high concentration of salts |
domain eucarya | eukaryotic, composed of single cell eucarya-algae fungi, protozoa |
algae | single and multicell organisms, contain chlorophyll, found near surface waters, rigid cell wall |
chlorophyll | pigments used to absorb light to be used as energy source |
fungi | single and multicellular, gain energy from organic materials, found on land, live off dead saprophytes |
yeast | single cell fungi |
molds | multi cell fungi |
protozoa | microscopic, single celled, found in water and land, larger than prokaryote |
protozoa | doesn't have rigid cell wall, energy from organic matter, motile, cilia, flagella, pseudopod |
helminths | claled parasites, include round worms and tapeworms |
strain | members of same pspecies may differ from one another in minor ways, ie. E. coli B or E.coli K12 |
binomial namein system | first word is genus, second species; first word capitalized, full name italicized |
virus, viroids, prions | non-living, called agents, consis of few molecules found in living cells |
virus | contain protein coat surrounding nucleic acid, protein bag of nucleic acid |
virus termed obligate intracellular parasites | must have host to replicate, inactive outside of host |
virus | all forms can be infected by virus, frequently kill host cells, some live with host |
viroids | simpler than viruses, require host cell for replication, consist of single short piece of RNA, no protective protein coat |
viroids | smaller than viruses, cause plant dz, no DNA genome, only RNA |
prions | infectious proteins, no DNA or RNA |
prions | responsible for six neurodegerative dz, animal-scrapie in sheep, mad cow; human-kuru, creutzfelt-jakob |